A Randomized Bag-of-Birds Approach to Study Robustness of Automated Audio Based Bird Species Classification

Abstract

The automatic classification of bird sounds is an ongoing research topic, and several results have been reported for the classification of selected bird species. In this contribution, we use an artificial neural network fed with pre-computed sound features to study the robustness of bird sound classification. We investigate, in detail, if and how the classification results are dependent on the number of species and the selection of species in the subsets presented to the classifier. In more detail, a bag-of-birds approach is employed to randomly create balanced subsets of sounds from different species for repeated classification runs. The number of species present in each subset is varied between 10 and 300 by randomly drawing sounds of species from a dataset of 659 bird species taken from the Xeno-Canto database. We observed that the shallow artificial neural network trained on pre-computed sound features was able to classify the bird sounds. The quality of classifications were at least comparable to some previously reported results when the number of species allowed for a direct comparison. The classification performance is evaluated using several common measures, such as the precision, recall, accuracy, mean average precision, and area under the receiver operator characteristics curve. All of these measures indicate a decrease in classification success as the number of species present in the subsets is increased. We analyze this dependence in detail and compare the computed results to an analytic explanation assuming dependencies for an idealized perfect classifier. Moreover, we observe that the classification performance depended on the individual composition of the subset and varied across 20 randomly drawn subsets.

Keywords

• bioacoustics
• machine hearing
• bird sound recognition
• artificial neural networks
• audio signal processing