Aging‐related biomarkers in testicular cancer survivors after different oncologic treatments

Abstract

Abstract Purpose Testicular cancer survivors (TCS) exposed to chemotherapy have an increased expression of CDKN2A/p16INK4a and a lymphocyte phenotype associated with immunosenescence. We seek to define whether the immunosenescent phenotype is associated with chemotherapy. Methods Case–control study of TCS, disease‐free ≥3 months and stratified by primary treatment modality into orchiectomy only, chemotherapy, or bone marrow transplant (BMT). Each group was compared with age‐matched healthy controls (HC). We measured the relative proportions of lymphocyte subpopulations using flow cytometry, levels of C‐reactive protein, and relative expression of CDKN2A/p16INK4a quantified by qPCR. Results We included 65 patients; 19 were treated with orchiectomy only, 35 received different doses of chemotherapy, and 11 underwent BMT. The chemotherapy and BMT groups had decreased naïve CD4 cells compared to HC. The chemotherapy group showed increased central and effector memory CD4 cells, as well as effector and terminally differentiated CD8 cells, compared to HC. Chemotherapy (chemotherapy 1.84 vs. HC 0.92; p < 0.01) and BMT (BMT 6.96 vs. HC 1.25; p < 0.005) groups had higher expression of CDKN2A/p16INK4a compared to HC. The orchiectomy group showed no significant difference with HC (orchiectomy 1.73 vs. HC 1.01; p = 0.17). CRP levels were higher in all groups when compared with HC; in the orchiectomy group, they were only marginally increased (chemotherapy 0.22 vs. HC 0.06; p < 0.01; BMT 0.26 vs. HC 0.06; p < 0.01; orchiectomy 0.09 vs. HC 0.07; p < 0.01). Conclusions Among TCS, only patients exposed to cytotoxic agents developed an immunosenescent phenotype. This finding supports the attribution of this alteration to the cytotoxic treatment.

Keywords

• biomarkers
• cancer care continuum
• chemotherapy
• germ cell tumor
• survival