Electrochemical Detection of Morphine in Untreated Human Capillary Whole Blood

• Elsi Verrinder,
• Niklas Wester,
• Elli Leppänen,
• Tuomas Lilius,
• Eija Kalso,
• Bjo̷rn Mikladal,
• Ilkka Varjos,
• Jari Koskinen,
• Tomi Laurila

Affiliations

Elsi Verrinder

Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland

Niklas Wester

Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland

Elli Leppänen

Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland

Tuomas Lilius

Department of Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

Eija Kalso

Department of Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

Bjo̷rn Mikladal

Canatu Oy, Vantaa, Finland

Ilkka Varjos

Canatu Oy, Vantaa, Finland

Jari Koskinen

Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland

Tomi Laurila

Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland