Comparing the Synergistic and Antagonistic Interactions of Ciprofloxacin and Levofloxacin Combined with Rifampin against Drug-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>: A Time–Kill Assay

Abstract

Background: Treatment of device-related infections by drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus can be challenging, and combination therapy has been proposed as a potential solution. We compared the effectiveness of levofloxacin–rifampin and ciprofloxacin–rifampin combinations in killing methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) using a time–kill assay. Methods: We randomly selected 15 vancomycin-susceptible S. aureus (VSSA) strains, 3 vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) strains, and 12 heterogeneous VISA (hVISA) strains from the Asian Bacterial Bank. Time–kill experiments were performed in duplicate for each isolate. Viable bacterial counts were determined at 0 h, 4 h, 8 h, and 24 h for the ciprofloxacin– and levofloxacin–rifampin combinations at 1× MIC and 0.5× MIC. We compared synergistic and antagonistic interactions between the two combinations. Results: The viable bacterial count significantly decreased after 24 h of exposure to ciprofloxacin–rifampin and levofloxacin–rifampin combinations, with synergy observed more frequently in isolates exposed to ciprofloxacin–rifampin (43.3%) than levofloxacin–rifampin (20.0%) (p = 0.0082). The synergistic interactions of both combinations were more frequently observed in resistant strains with high MICs of ciprofloxacin (≥16 mg/L) and levofloxacin (≥8 mg/L). Levofloxacin tended to exhibit more frequent antagonistic interactions with rifampin than ciprofloxacin, although there was no statistical difference in antagonism between the two combinations. Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that ciprofloxacin exhibits superior synergistic activity against MRSA strains, including VISA/hVISA, when combined with rifampin compared with levofloxacin. High MICs of fluoroquinolones were found to predict synergism. Our results suggest that ciprofloxacin may be a more effective choice than levofloxacin for combination therapy with rifampin in the treatment of MRSA infections.

Keywords

• synergism
• antagonism
• fluoroquinolone
• combination therapy
• biofilm