Fungal secondary metabolites as a potential inhibitor of T315I- BCR::ABL1 mutant in chronic myeloid leukemia by molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation and binding free energy exploration approaches

Abstract

Background: Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) is particularly challenging to treat due to the T315I BCR::ABL1 mutation. Although fungal metabolites are known for their pharmaceutical potential, none are approved for CML. Our study screened approximately 2000 fungal secondary metabolites to discover inhibitors targeting the T315I- BCR::ABL1 mutant protein. Methods: We conducted comprehensive analyses to elucidate the interactions between the T315I-BCR::ABL1 mutant protein and selected fungal metabolites. These analyses included molecular docking, ADMET assessment, molecular dynamics simulations, principal components analysis, exploration of free energy landscapes, and per-residue decomposition. Results: We identified a range of binding affinities for fungal secondary metabolites, from −11.2 kcal/mol to −2.90 kcal/mol, with the co-crystal ponatinib showing a binding affinity of −9.9 kcal/mol. Notably, twenty seven fungal metabolites had affinities ≤ -10.0 kcal/mol, surpassing ponatinib. Eight compounds, including Phellifuropyranone A and Meshimakobnol B, showed favorable drug-likeness. Molecular dynamics parameters, including RMSD, RMSF, Rg, and SASA, confirmed that Phellifuropyranone A and Meshimakobnol B bind stably to the T315I-BCR::ABL1 mutant protein. Additionally, PCA, DCCM, and free energy landscapes analyses validated the consistency of the molecular dynamics parameters. MM/PBSA analysis indicated that Phellifuropyranone A (–22.88 ± 4.28 kcal/mol) and Meshimakobnol B (−25.86 ± 3.51 kcal/mol) bind similarly to ponatinib (−25.54 ± 6.31 kcal/mol). Per-residue decomposition explored residues MET290, VAL299, ILE315, and PHE359 as crucial for binding to the T315I-BCR::ABL1 mutant protein. Conclusions: Phellifuropyranone A and Meshimakobnol B show significant potency as inhibitors of the T315I-BCR::ABL1 mutant protein, comparable to ponatinib. These compounds may serve as effective alternatives or synergistic agents with ponatinib, potentially overcoming drug resistance and improving treatment outcomes in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia.

Keywords

• Chronic myeloid leukemia
• T315I-BCR::ABL1
• Fungal metabolites
• Phellifuropyranone A
• Meshimakobnol B