Immune evasion mechanisms of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus: A comprehensive review

Abstract

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a highly contagious coronavirus that causes significant economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. Understanding the host immune response to PEDV is crucial for developing effective control strategies. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the host innate immune response against PEDV, with a focus on the modulation of interferon responses, regulation of apoptosis, and induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Several PEDV proteins have been identified as potent interferon antagonists that inhibit key components of the signaling pathway and suppress the production of type I and type III interferons. PEDV also induces apoptotic cell death through the activation of caspases, notably caspase-3 and caspase-8. Finally, PEDV infection induces ER stress, leading to activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Understanding these mechanisms provides valuable insights into PEDV pathogenesis and offers potential targets for therapeutic intervention. Future research should aim to address the remaining knowledge gaps to develop more effective strategies for controlling PEDV and other related coronaviruses.