Iterative Named Entity Recognition with Conditional Random Fields

Abstract

Named entity recognition (NER) constitutes an important step in the processing of unstructured text content for the extraction of information as well as for the computer-supported analysis of large amounts of digital data via machine learning methods. However, NER often relies on domain-specific knowledge, being conducted manually in a time- and human-resource-intensive process. These can be reduced with statistical models performing NER automatically. The current work investigates whether Conditional Random Fields (CRF) can be efficiently trained for NER in German texts, by means of an iterative procedure combining self-learning with a manual annotation–active learning–component. The training dataset increases continuously with the iterative procedure. Whilst self-learning did not markedly improve the performance of the CRF for NER, the manual annotation of sentences with the lowest probability of correct prediction clearly improved the model F1-score and simultaneously reduced the amount of manual annotation required to train the model. A model with an F1-score of 0.885 was able to be trained in 11.4 h.

Keywords

• active learning
• self-learning
• text
• annotation
• language