World Journal of Emergency Surgery (Jul 2019)
Physiological parameters for Prognosis in Abdominal Sepsis (PIPAS) Study: a WSES observational study
- Massimo Sartelli,
- Fikri M. Abu-Zidan,
- Francesco M. Labricciosa,
- Yoram Kluger,
- Federico Coccolini,
- Luca Ansaloni,
- Ari Leppäniemi,
- Andrew W. Kirkpatrick,
- Matti Tolonen,
- Cristian Tranà,
- Jean-Marc Regimbeau,
- Timothy Hardcastle,
- Renol M. Koshy,
- Ashraf Abbas,
- Ulaş Aday,
- A. R. K. Adesunkanmi,
- Adesina Ajibade,
- Lali Akhmeteli,
- Emrah Akın,
- Nezih Akkapulu,
- Alhenouf Alotaibi,
- Fatih Altintoprak,
- Dimitrios Anyfantakis,
- Boyko Atanasov,
- Goran Augustin,
- Constança Azevedo,
- Miklosh Bala,
- Dimitrios Balalis,
- Oussama Baraket,
- Suman Baral,
- Or Barkai,
- Marcelo Beltran,
- Roberto Bini,
- Konstantinos Bouliaris,
- Ana B. Caballero,
- Valentin Calu,
- Marco Catani,
- Marco Ceresoli,
- Vasileios Charalampakis,
- Asri Che Jusoh,
- Massimo Chiarugi,
- Nicola Cillara,
- Raquel Cobos Cuesta,
- Luigi Cobuccio,
- Gianfranco Cocorullo,
- Elif Colak,
- Luigi Conti,
- Yunfeng Cui,
- Belinda De Simone,
- Samir Delibegovic,
- Zaza Demetrashvili,
- Demetrios Demetriades,
- Ana Dimova,
- Agron Dogjani,
- Mushira Enani,
- Federica Farina,
- Francesco Ferrara,
- Domitilla Foghetti,
- Tommaso Fontana,
- Gustavo P. Fraga,
- Mahir Gachabayov,
- Grelpois Gérard,
- Wagih Ghnnam,
- Teresa Giménez Maurel,
- Georgios Gkiokas,
- Carlos A. Gomes,
- Ali Guner,
- Sanjay Gupta,
- Andreas Hecker,
- Elcio S. Hirano,
- Adrien Hodonou,
- Martin Hutan,
- Igor Ilaschuk,
- Orestis Ioannidis,
- Arda Isik,
- Georgy Ivakhov,
- Sumita Jain,
- Mantas Jokubauskas,
- Aleksandar Karamarkovic,
- Robin Kaushik,
- Jakub Kenig,
- Vladimir Khokha,
- Denis Khokha,
- Jae Il Kim,
- Victor Kong,
- Dimitris Korkolis,
- Vitor F. Kruger,
- Ashok Kshirsagar,
- Romeo Lages Simões,
- Andrea Lanaia,
- Konstantinos Lasithiotakis,
- Pedro Leão,
- Miguel León Arellano,
- Holger Listle,
- Andrey Litvin,
- Aintzane Lizarazu Pérez,
- Eudaldo Lopez-Tomassetti Fernandez,
- Eftychios Lostoridis,
- Davide Luppi,
- Gustavo M. Machain V,
- Piotr Major,
- Dimitrios Manatakis,
- Marianne Marchini Reitz,
- Athanasios Marinis,
- Daniele Marrelli,
- Aleix Martínez-Pérez,
- Sanjay Marwah,
- Michael McFarlane,
- Mirza Mesic,
- Cristian Mesina,
- Nickos Michalopoulos,
- Evangelos Misiakos,
- Felipe Gonçalves Moreira,
- Ouadii Mouaqit,
- Ali Muhtaroglu,
- Noel Naidoo,
- Ionut Negoi,
- Zane Nikitina,
- Ioannis Nikolopoulos,
- Gabriela-Elisa Nita,
- Savino Occhionorelli,
- Iyiade Olaoye,
- Carlos A. Ordoñez,
- Zeynep Ozkan,
- Ajay Pal,
- Gian M. Palini,
- Kyriaki Papageorgiou,
- Dimitris Papagoras,
- Francesco Pata,
- Michał Pędziwiatr,
- Jorge Pereira,
- Gerson A. Pereira Junior,
- Gennaro Perrone,
- Tadeja Pintar,
- Magdalena Pisarska,
- Oleksandr Plehutsa,
- Mauro Podda,
- Gaetano Poillucci,
- Martha Quiodettis,
- Tuba Rahim,
- Daniel Rios-Cruz,
- Gabriel Rodrigues,
- Dmytry Rozov,
- Boris Sakakushev,
- Ibrahima Sall,
- Alexander Sazhin,
- Miguel Semião,
- Taanya Sharda,
- Vishal Shelat,
- Giovanni Sinibaldi,
- Dmitrijs Skicko,
- Matej Skrovina,
- Dimitrios Stamatiou,
- Marco Stella,
- Marcin Strzałka,
- Ruslan Sydorchuk,
- Ricardo A. Teixeira Gonsaga,
- Joel Noutakdie Tochie,
- Gia Tomadze,
- Lara Ugoletti,
- Jan Ulrych,
- Toomas Ümarik,
- Mustafa Y. Uzunoglu,
- Alin Vasilescu,
- Osborne Vaz,
- Andras Vereczkei,
- Nutu Vlad,
- Maciej Walędziak,
- Ali I. Yahya,
- Omer Yalkin,
- Tonguç U. Yilmaz,
- Ali Ekrem Ünal,
- Kuo-Ching Yuan,
- Sanoop K. Zachariah,
- Justas Žilinskas,
- Maurizio Zizzo,
- Vittoria Pattonieri,
- Gian Luca Baiocchi,
- Fausto Catena
Affiliations
- Massimo Sartelli
- Department of Surgery, Macerata Hospital
- Fikri M. Abu-Zidan
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University
- Francesco M. Labricciosa
- Global Alliance for Infections in Surgery
- Yoram Kluger
- Department of General Surgery, Rambam Health Care Campus
- Federico Coccolini
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Bufalini Hospital
- Luca Ansaloni
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Bufalini Hospital
- Ari Leppäniemi
- Abdominal Center, Department of Abdominal Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital Meilahti and University of Helsinki
- Andrew W. Kirkpatrick
- General, Acute Care, Abdominal Wall Reconstruction, and Trauma Surgery, Foothills Medical Centre
- Matti Tolonen
- Abdominal Center, Department of Abdominal Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital Meilahti and University of Helsinki
- Cristian Tranà
- Department of Surgery, Macerata Hospital
- Jean-Marc Regimbeau
- Department of Digestive Surgery and SSPC Research Unit, CHU Amiens-Picardie
- Timothy Hardcastle
- Department of Trauma ICU, IALCH, University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Renol M. Koshy
- Department of General Surgery, University Hospital of Coventry & Warwickshire
- Ashraf Abbas
- Department of Surgery, Mansoura University and Emergency Hospital
- Ulaş Aday
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, University of Health Sciences, Elazig Training and Research Hospital
- A. R. K. Adesunkanmi
- Department of Surgery, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University
- Adesina Ajibade
- Department of Surgery, LAUTECH Teaching Hospital
- Lali Akhmeteli
- Department of Surgery, TSMU First University Clinic
- Emrah Akın
- Department of General Surgery, Sakarya University Research and Educational Hospital
- Nezih Akkapulu
- Department of General Surgery, Hacettepe University Hospital
- Alhenouf Alotaibi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, King Fahad Medical City
- Fatih Altintoprak
- Department of General Surgery, Istinye University Faculty of Medicine
- Dimitrios Anyfantakis
- Department of Primary Care, Primary Health Care Centre of Kissamos
- Boyko Atanasov
- Surgical Department, UMHAT “Eurohospital”, Medical University
- Goran Augustin
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Centre Zagreb
- Constança Azevedo
- Cirurgia Geral, Centro Hospitalar Universitário da Cova da Beira
- Miklosh Bala
- Department of General Surgery, Hadassah Medical Center
- Dimitrios Balalis
- Department of Surgery, Saint Savvas Anticancer Hospital
- Oussama Baraket
- General Surgery, Habib bougatfa
- Suman Baral
- Department of Surgery, Lumbini Medical College and Teaching Hospital Ltd.
- Or Barkai
- Department of General Surgery, Rambam Health Care Campus
- Marcelo Beltran
- Department of Surgery, Hospital San Juan de Dios de La Serena
- Roberto Bini
- Emergency and General Surgery, SG Bosco
- Konstantinos Bouliaris
- Surgical Department and ICU Department, General Hospital of Larissa
- Ana B. Caballero
- General Surgery, Hospital Santo Tomas
- Valentin Calu
- Department of Surgery, Elias Emergency Hospital
- Marco Catani
- Dipartimento Emergenza e Accettazione, Policlinico Umberto I
- Marco Ceresoli
- Department of General and Emergency Surgery, ASST Monza - Ospedale San Gerardo
- Vasileios Charalampakis
- General Surgery, South Warwickshire NHS Foundation Trust
- Asri Che Jusoh
- Department of General Surgery, Kuala Krai Hospital
- Massimo Chiarugi
- U.O. Chirurgia d’Urgenza Universitaria, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana
- Nicola Cillara
- U.O.C. Chirurgia Generale, PO Santissima Trinità
- Raquel Cobos Cuesta
- UGC Cirugía General, Complejo Hospitalario de Jaén
- Luigi Cobuccio
- U.O. Chirurgia d’Urgenza Universitaria, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana
- Gianfranco Cocorullo
- Department of General and Emergency Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico Universitario Palermo “Paolo Giaccone”
- Elif Colak
- General Surgery, University of Health Sciences, Samsun Training and Research Hospital
- Luigi Conti
- Department of Surgery, G. Da Saliceto Hospital
- Yunfeng Cui
- Department of Surgery, Tianjin Nankai Hospital
- Belinda De Simone
- Chirurgie Viscerale et d’Urgence, Centre Hospitalier Regional de Perpignan
- Samir Delibegovic
- Department of Surgery, University Clinical Center Tuzla
- Zaza Demetrashvili
- Department of Surgery, Kipshidze Central University Hospital
- Demetrios Demetriades
- Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, LAC+USC Medical Center
- Ana Dimova
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Centre Zagreb
- Agron Dogjani
- Department of General Surgery, University Hospital of Trauma
- Mushira Enani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King Fahad Medical City
- Federica Farina
- Chirurgia Generale, Ospedale Versilia
- Francesco Ferrara
- Department of Surgery, San Carlo Borromeo Hospital
- Domitilla Foghetti
- Department of General Surgery, San Salvatore
- Tommaso Fontana
- Department of General and Emergency Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico Universitario Palermo “Paolo Giaccone”
- Gustavo P. Fraga
- Division of Trauma Surgery, Hospital de Clinicas, University of Campinas
- Mahir Gachabayov
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Vladimir City Clinical Hospital of Emergency Medicine
- Grelpois Gérard
- Department of Surgery, University hospital
- Wagih Ghnnam
- Department of General Surgery, Mansoura University Hospital
- Teresa Giménez Maurel
- Department of General Surgery, Miguel Servet
- Georgios Gkiokas
- 2nd Department of Surgery, Aretaieion University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
- Carlos A. Gomes
- Department of Surgery, Hospital Universitário Terezinha de Jesus, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas e da Saúde de Juiz de Fora (SUPREMA)
- Ali Guner
- Department of General Surgery, Karadeniz Technical University
- Sanjay Gupta
- Department of General Surgery, Government Medical College and Hospital
- Andreas Hecker
- Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital of Giessen
- Elcio S. Hirano
- Division of Trauma Surgery, Hospital de Clinicas, University of Campinas
- Adrien Hodonou
- Department of General Surgery, University and Regional Hospital Center of Borgou
- Martin Hutan
- Chirurgische Abteilung, Landesklinikum Hainburg
- Igor Ilaschuk
- Intensive Care Unit, Chernivtsi City Emergency Hospital
- Orestis Ioannidis
- 4th Surgical Department, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General Hospital “G. Papanikolaou”
- Arda Isik
- Department of General Surgery, Erzincan University Hospital
- Georgy Ivakhov
- Department of Faculty Surgery #1, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University
- Sumita Jain
- Department of Surgery, SMS Hospital
- Mantas Jokubauskas
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kaunas Clinics
- Aleksandar Karamarkovic
- Faculty of Medicine University of Belgrade Clinic for Surgery, University Clinical Center “Zvezdara”
- Robin Kaushik
- Department of General Surgery, Government Medical College and Hospital
- Jakub Kenig
- Department of General, Oncologic and Geriatric Surgery, Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum
- Vladimir Khokha
- Department of Emergency Surgery, City Hospital
- Denis Khokha
- Department of Vascular Surgery, City Hospital
- Jae Il Kim
- Department of Surgery, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital
- Victor Kong
- Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Edendale Hospital
- Dimitris Korkolis
- Department of Surgery, Saint Savvas Anticancer Hospital
- Vitor F. Kruger
- Division of Trauma Surgery, Hospital de Clinicas, University of Campinas
- Ashok Kshirsagar
- Department of Surgery, Krishna Hospital and Medical Research University Karad
- Romeo Lages Simões
- Departament of General Surgery, Hospital Municipal de Governador Valadares, Vale do Rio Doce University
- Andrea Lanaia
- Chirurgia d’Urgenza, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova IRCCS
- Konstantinos Lasithiotakis
- General Surgery, Scarborough Hospital, York Teaching Hospital NHS FT
- Pedro Leão
- Cirurgia Geral, Hospital de Braga, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, ICVS/3Bs, Universidade do Minho
- Miguel León Arellano
- General and Digestive Surgery, Hospital Fundación Jimenez Diaz
- Holger Listle
- General, Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Greifswald
- Andrey Litvin
- Department of Surgical Disciplines, Regional Clinical Hospital, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University
- Aintzane Lizarazu Pérez
- Cirugía general y del aparato digestivo, Hospital Universitario Donostia
- Eudaldo Lopez-Tomassetti Fernandez
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, Hospital Insular de Gran Canaria
- Eftychios Lostoridis
- 1st Department of Surgery, Kavala General Hospital
- Davide Luppi
- Department of General and Emergency Surgery, ASMN Reggio Emilia
- Gustavo M. Machain V
- II Catedra de Clinica Quirúrgica, Hospital de Clinicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción
- Piotr Major
- 2nd Department of General Surgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College
- Dimitrios Manatakis
- Department of Surgery, Athens Naval and Veterans Hospital
- Marianne Marchini Reitz
- Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, LAC+USC Medical Center
- Athanasios Marinis
- First Department of Surgery, Tzaneio General Hospital
- Daniele Marrelli
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Policlinico Le Scotte, University of Siena
- Aleix Martínez-Pérez
- Department of General and Digestive Surgery, Hospital Universitario Doctor Peset
- Sanjay Marwah
- Department of General Surgery, Post-graduate Institute of Medical Sciences
- Michael McFarlane
- Department of Surgery, Radiology, Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University Hospital of the West Indies
- Mirza Mesic
- Department of Surgery, University Clinical Center Tuzla
- Cristian Mesina
- Second Surgical Clinic, Emergency County Hospital of Craiova
- Nickos Michalopoulos
- 3rd Department of Surgery, Ahepa University Hospital
- Evangelos Misiakos
- 3rd Department of Surgery, Attikon University Hospital
- Felipe Gonçalves Moreira
- Departament of General Surgery, Hospital Municipal de Governador Valadares, Vale do Rio Doce University
- Ouadii Mouaqit
- Department of Surgery, Hassan II
- Ali Muhtaroglu
- Department of General Surgery, Sakarya University Research and Educational Hospital
- Noel Naidoo
- Department of Specialist Surgery, Port Shepstone Regional Hospital
- Ionut Negoi
- General Surgery Department, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest
- Zane Nikitina
- Toxicology and Sepsis, Riga East University Hospital
- Ioannis Nikolopoulos
- Department of General Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital
- Gabriela-Elisa Nita
- Chirurgia generale, Sant’Anna (AUSL Reggio Emilia)
- Savino Occhionorelli
- U.O. Chirurgia d’Urgenza, Arcispedale S. Anna Ferrara
- Iyiade Olaoye
- Department of Surgery, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital
- Carlos A. Ordoñez
- Department of Surgery, Fundacion Valle del Lili - Universidad del Valle
- Zeynep Ozkan
- Department of General Surgery, University of Health Sciences, Elazig Training and Research Hospital
- Ajay Pal
- Department of Surgery, King George’s Medical University
- Gian M. Palini
- Chirurgia Generale e d’Urgenza, Ospedale Infermi
- Kyriaki Papageorgiou
- Surgical Oncology, University Hospital Heraclion Crete
- Dimitris Papagoras
- Department of General Surgery, General Hospital of Trikala
- Francesco Pata
- Department of Surgery, Sant’Antonio Abate Hospital
- Michał Pędziwiatr
- Department of General and Emergency Surgery, University Hospital, University Hospital Kraków
- Jorge Pereira
- Cirurgia Geral, Centro Hospitalar Tondela-Viseu
- Gerson A. Pereira Junior
- Medicina, Base Hospital
- Gennaro Perrone
- Chirurgia d’Urgenza – Dipartimento Urgenza/Emergenza, AOU Parma
- Tadeja Pintar
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, UMC Ljubljana
- Magdalena Pisarska
- Department of Endoscopic, Metabolic and Soft Tissue Tumors Surgery, University Hospital
- Oleksandr Plehutsa
- Surgery Department, Chernivtsi City Emergency Hospital
- Mauro Podda
- Department of General, Emergency and Robotic Surgery, San Francesco Hospital
- Gaetano Poillucci
- Department of Surgery, AO San Giovanni Addolorata
- Martha Quiodettis
- Department of Surgery/Trauma, Hospital Santo Tomás
- Tuba Rahim
- Department of Trauma ICU, IALCH, University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Daniel Rios-Cruz
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, HGR1 IMSS
- Gabriel Rodrigues
- Department of General Surgery, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education
- Dmytry Rozov
- Department of General Surgery, Rambam Health Care Campus
- Boris Sakakushev
- First Clinic of General Surgery, University Hospital St George/Medical University Plovdiv
- Ibrahima Sall
- Chirurgie Générale et Viscérale, Hôpital d’instruction des Armées, Hôpital Principal de Dakar
- Alexander Sazhin
- Department of Faculty Surgery #1, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University
- Miguel Semião
- Cirurgia Geral, Centro Hospitalar Universitário da Cova da Beira
- Taanya Sharda
- Department of General Surgery, Government Medical College and Hospital
- Vishal Shelat
- Department of General Surgery, Tan Tock Seng Hospital
- Giovanni Sinibaldi
- Department of Surgery, Fatebbenefratelli Hospital
- Dmitrijs Skicko
- Department of Surgery (Department No. 10), Riga East Clinical University Hospital “Gaiļezers”
- Matej Skrovina
- Department of Surgery, Hospital and Oncological Centre Novy Jicin
- Dimitrios Stamatiou
- General Surgery, Heartlands Hospital
- Marco Stella
- Department of Surgery, San Carlo Borromeo Hospital
- Marcin Strzałka
- Department of General Surgery, Polytrauma and Emergency Medicine, University Hospital of the Jagiellonian University Medical College
- Ruslan Sydorchuk
- General Surgery Department, Bukovinian State Medical University
- Ricardo A. Teixeira Gonsaga
- Trauma and Emergency Surgery, Hospital Escola Padre Albino
- Joel Noutakdie Tochie
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon and Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology, Yaounde Central Hospital
- Gia Tomadze
- Surgery Department, Tbilisi State Medical University
- Lara Ugoletti
- Chirurgia Generale, Ospedale Civile di Guastalla
- Jan Ulrych
- First Department of Surgery, Department of Abdominal, Thoracic Surgery and Traumatology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital
- Toomas Ümarik
- Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery Department, North Estonia Medical Centre
- Mustafa Y. Uzunoglu
- Department of General Surgery, Siirt State Hospital
- Alin Vasilescu
- First Surgical Unit, “St. Spiridon” University Hospital Iasi, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”
- Osborne Vaz
- Renal Transplant and General Surgery, Manchester Royal Infirmary
- Andras Vereczkei
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Center University of Pecs
- Nutu Vlad
- First Surgical Unit, “St. Spiridon” University Hospital Iasi, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”
- Maciej Walędziak
- Department of General, Oncological, Metabolic and Thoracic Surgery, Military Institute of Medicine
- Ali I. Yahya
- Department of Surgey, Zliten Teaching Hospital
- Omer Yalkin
- Department of General Surgery, Ankara University School of Medicine
- Tonguç U. Yilmaz
- Transplantation Unıt, Acibadem Atakent Hospital
- Ali Ekrem Ünal
- Department of General Surgery, Ankara University School of Medicine
- Kuo-Ching Yuan
- Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital
- Sanoop K. Zachariah
- Department of Surgery, Mosc Medical College
- Justas Žilinskas
- Faculty of Medicine University of Belgrade Clinic for Surgery, University Clinical Center “Zvezdara”
- Maurizio Zizzo
- Surgical Oncology Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia
- Vittoria Pattonieri
- Emergency Surgery Department, Maggiore Parma Hospital
- Gian Luca Baiocchi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia
- Fausto Catena
- Emergency Surgery Department, Maggiore Parma Hospital
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1186/s13017-019-0253-2
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 14,
no. 1
pp. 1 – 11
Abstract
Abstract Background Timing and adequacy of peritoneal source control are the most important pillars in the management of patients with acute peritonitis. Therefore, early prognostic evaluation of acute peritonitis is paramount to assess the severity and establish a prompt and appropriate treatment. The objectives of this study were to identify clinical and laboratory predictors for in-hospital mortality in patients with acute peritonitis and to develop a warning score system, based on easily recognizable and assessable variables, globally accepted. Methods This worldwide multicentre observational study included 153 surgical departments across 56 countries over a 4-month study period between February 1, 2018, and May 31, 2018. Results A total of 3137 patients were included, with 1815 (57.9%) men and 1322 (42.1%) women, with a median age of 47 years (interquartile range [IQR] 28–66). The overall in-hospital mortality rate was 8.9%, with a median length of stay of 6 days (IQR 4–10). Using multivariable logistic regression, independent variables associated with in-hospital mortality were identified: age > 80 years, malignancy, severe cardiovascular disease, severe chronic kidney disease, respiratory rate ≥ 22 breaths/min, systolic blood pressure 4 mmol/l. These variables were used to create the PIPAS Severity Score, a bedside early warning score for patients with acute peritonitis. The overall mortality was 2.9% for patients who had scores of 0–1, 22.7% for those who had scores of 2–3, 46.8% for those who had scores of 4–5, and 86.7% for those who have scores of 7–8. Conclusions The simple PIPAS Severity Score can be used on a global level and can help clinicians to identify patients at high risk for treatment failure and mortality.
Keywords