Recycling iron from pickling sludge to activate peroxydisulfate for the degradation of phenol

Abstract

In this work, iron was recovered from a kind of iron-rich pickling sludge by an acid leaching process, and the recycled iron was used as a catalyst to activate peroxydisulfate (PS) for the degradation of phenol. Different kinds of sludge catalysts were prepared by different drying methods such as ordinary drying (Ods), freeze drying (Fds) and vacuum drying (Vds). The degradation performance of the different catalysts/PS system under different conditions was explored, the vacuum drying sludge catalyst (Vds) has the best activity in a wide pH range (pH = 3–10) and a wide temperature range (0–40 °C). At the same time, the effect of a series of chelating agents (Oxalic acid (OA), Citric acid (CA), Tartaric acid (TA), Malic acid (DL-MA) and Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)) on Vds/PS system was verified, and TA was selected as the best chelating agent to promote the degradation of the second stage where the degradation rate is limited. The quenching experiment and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis indicated that hydroxyl radical (·OH) and sulfate radical (SO4̇−) were responsible for the abatement of the organic contaminant with ·OH playing a more important role. In summary, this study proposed an environmentally-friendly approach for the application of iron-rich pickling sludge in the remediation of phenol-contaminated water. HIGHLIGHTS An effective method was found to recover iron from pickling sludge to activate persulfate for phenol degradation.; The reaction continued more effectively in the subsequent stage after TA was added.; Vds/PS/TA system has the potential of application in a wide pH range (pH = 3–10) and a wide temperature range (0–40 °C).;

Keywords

• chelating agent
• peroxydisulfate
• phenol
• pickling sludge