The Astrophysical Journal (Jan 2024)
Multispacecraft Observations of a Widespread Solar Energetic Particle Event on 2022 February 15–16
- L. Y. Khoo,
- B. Sánchez-Cano,
- C. O. Lee,
- L. Rodríguez-García,
- A. Kouloumvakos,
- E. Palmerio,
- F. Carcaboso,
- D. Lario,
- N. Dresing,
- C. M. S. Cohen,
- D. J. McComas,
- B. J. Lynch,
- F. Fraschetti,
- I. C. Jebaraj,
- J. G. Mitchell,
- T. Nieves-Chinchilla,
- V. Krupar,
- D. Pacheco,
- J. Giacalone,
- H.-U. Auster,
- J. Benkhoff,
- X. Bonnin,
- E. R. Christian,
- B. Ehresmann,
- A. Fedeli,
- D. Fischer,
- D. Heyner,
- M. Holmström,
- R. A. Leske,
- M. Maksimovic,
- J. Z. D. Mieth,
- P. Oleynik,
- M. Pinto,
- I. Richter,
- J. Rodríguez-Pacheco,
- N. A. Schwadron,
- D. Schmid,
- D. Telloni,
- A. Vecchio,
- M. E. Wiedenbeck
Affiliations
- L. Y. Khoo
- ORCiD
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University , Princeton, NJ 08544, USA ; [email protected]
- B. Sánchez-Cano
- ORCiD
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester , LE1 7RH Leicester, UK
- C. O. Lee
- ORCiD
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- L. Rodríguez-García
- ORCiD
- Universidad de Alcalá , Space Research Group (SRG-UAH), E-28801 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC) , Camino Bajo del Castillo s/n, E-28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
- A. Kouloumvakos
- ORCiD
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory , Laurel, MD 20723, USA
- E. Palmerio
- ORCiD
- Predictive Science Inc. , San Diego, CA 92121, USA
- F. Carcaboso
- ORCiD
- Postdoctoral Program Fellow, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- D. Lario
- ORCiD
- Heliophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- N. Dresing
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku , FI-20014 Turku, Finland
- C. M. S. Cohen
- ORCiD
- California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- D. J. McComas
- ORCiD
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University , Princeton, NJ 08544, USA ; [email protected]
- B. J. Lynch
- ORCiD
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- F. Fraschetti
- ORCiD
- Department of Planetary Sciences, Lunar and Planetary Lab , Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian , Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- I. C. Jebaraj
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku , FI-20014 Turku, Finland
- J. G. Mitchell
- ORCiD
- Heliophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- T. Nieves-Chinchilla
- ORCiD
- Heliophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- V. Krupar
- ORCiD
- Heliophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA; Goddard Planetary Heliophysics Institute, University of Maryland , Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
- D. Pacheco
- ORCiD
- Deep Space Exploration Laboratory/School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, China
- J. Giacalone
- ORCiD
- Department of Planetary Sciences, Lunar and Planetary Lab , Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- H.-U. Auster
- Institut für Geophysik und extraterrestrische Physik , TU Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- J. Benkhoff
- ORCiD
- European Space Research and Technology Centre , European Space Agency, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
- X. Bonnin
- ORCiD
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris , F-92195 Meudon, France
- E. R. Christian
- ORCiD
- Heliophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- B. Ehresmann
- ORCiD
- Solar System Science and Exploration Division, Southwest Research Institute , Boulder, CO 80302, USA
- A. Fedeli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku , FI-20014 Turku, Finland
- D. Fischer
- ORCiD
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences , A-8042 Graz, Austria
- D. Heyner
- ORCiD
- Institut für Geophysik und extraterrestrische Physik , TU Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- M. Holmström
- ORCiD
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics , SE-98192 Kiruna, Sweden
- R. A. Leske
- ORCiD
- California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- M. Maksimovic
- ORCiD
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris , F-92195 Meudon, France
- J. Z. D. Mieth
- ORCiD
- Institut für Geophysik und extraterrestrische Physik , TU Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- P. Oleynik
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku , FI-20014 Turku, Finland
- M. Pinto
- ORCiD
- European Space Research and Technology Centre , European Space Agency, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
- I. Richter
- ORCiD
- Institut für Geophysik und extraterrestrische Physik , TU Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- J. Rodríguez-Pacheco
- ORCiD
- Universidad de Alcalá , Space Research Group (SRG-UAH), E-28801 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- N. A. Schwadron
- ORCiD
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University , Princeton, NJ 08544, USA ; [email protected]; Space Science Center, University of New Hampshire , Durham, NH 03824, USA
- D. Schmid
- ORCiD
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences , A-8042 Graz, Austria
- D. Telloni
- ORCiD
- National Institute for Astrophysics , Astrophysical Observatory of Torino, I-10025 Pino Torinese, Italy
- A. Vecchio
- ORCiD
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris , F-92195 Meudon, France; Radboud Radio Lab, Department of Astrophysics, Radboud University , 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- M. E. Wiedenbeck
- ORCiD
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory , Pasadena, CA 91011, USA
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad167f
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 963,
no. 2
p. 107
Abstract
On 2022 February 15–16, multiple spacecraft measured one of the most intense solar energetic particle (SEP) events observed so far in Solar Cycle 25. This study provides an overview of interesting observations made by multiple spacecraft during this event. Parker Solar Probe (PSP) and BepiColombo were close to each other at 0.34–0.37 au (a radial separation of ∼0.03 au) as they were impacted by the flank of the associated coronal mass ejection (CME). At about 100° in the retrograde direction and 1.5 au away from the Sun, the radiation detector on board the Curiosity surface rover observed the largest ground-level enhancement on Mars since surface measurements began. At intermediate distances (0.7–1.0 au), the presence of stream interaction regions (SIRs) during the SEP arrival time provides additional complexities regarding the analysis of the distinct contributions of CME-driven versus SIR-driven events in observations by spacecraft such as Solar Orbiter and STEREO-A, and by near-Earth spacecraft like ACE, SOHO, and WIND. The proximity of PSP and BepiColombo also enables us to directly compare their measurements and perform cross-calibration for the energetic particle instruments on board the two spacecraft. Our analysis indicates that energetic proton measurements from BepiColombo and PSP are in reasonable agreement with each other to within a factor of ∼1.35. Finally, this study introduces the various ongoing efforts that will collectively improve our understanding of this impactful, widespread SEP event.
Keywords
