International Journal of Nanomedicine (May 2022)
Immune Repertoire and Advancements in Nanotherapeutics for the Impediment of Severe Steroid Resistant Asthma (SSR)
Abstract
Narasimha M Beeraka,1– 3 Runze Zhou,1 Xiaoyan Wang,4 Hemanth Vikram P R,5 Tegginamath Pramod Kumar,6 Junqi Liu,1 M V Greeshma,3 Subhankar P Mandal,5 B M Gurupadayya,1 Ruitai Fan1 1Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Human Anatomy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, 119991, Russia; 3Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSS AHER), JSS Medical college, Mysuru, Karnataka, India; 4Endocrinology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, People’s Republic of China; 5Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru, 570015, Karnataka, India; 6Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSSAHER), Mysore, Karnataka, 570015, IndiaCorrespondence: Ruitai Fan, Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshedong Str., Zhengzhou, 450052, People’s Republic of China, Email [email protected]: Severe steroid-resistant asthma (SSR) patients do not respond to the corticosteroid therapies due to the heterogeneity, and genome-wide variations. However, there are very limited reports pertinent to the molecular signaling underlying SSR and making pharmacologists, and formulation scientists to identify the effective therapeutic targets in order to produce novel therapies using novel drug delivery systems (NDDS). We have substantially searched literature for the peer-reviewed and published reports delineating the role of glucocorticoid-altered gene expression, and the mechanisms responsible for SSR asthma, and NDDS for treating SSR asthma using public databases PubMed, National Library of Medicine (NLM), google scholar, and medline. Subsequently, we described reports underlying the SSR pathophysiology through several immunological and inflammatory phenotypes. Furthermore, various therapeutic strategies and the role of signaling pathways such as mORC1-STAT3-FGFBP1, NLRP3 inflammasomes, miR-21/PI3K/HDAC2 axis, PI3K were delineated and these can be considered as the therapeutic targets for mitigating the pathophysiology of SSR asthma. Finally, the possibility of nanomedicine-based formulation and their applications in order to enhance the long term retention of several antioxidant and anti-asthmatic drug molecules as a significant therapeutic modality against SSR asthma was described vividly.Graphical Abstract: Keywords: natural products, steroid resistance, asthma, inflammation, molecular signaling, nanomedicine, novel drug delivery systems
