Frontiers in Marine Science (Oct 2019)
Regional Structure in the Marine Heat Wave of Summer 2015 Off the Western United States
Abstract
One of the largest warm water anomalies (marine heat waves [MHWs]) ever recorded occurred in the northeast Pacific during 2014–2016. This MHW was caused by large-scale atmospheric ridging and affected fisheries and ecosystems from Alaska through California, including a bloom of toxic algae spanning the entire coastline. Regional variations in MHW severity are common along coastlines worldwide but are generally unexplained. During the 2014–16 MHW, the summertime sea-surface temperature (SST) anomalies were often stronger along the southern half of the coastline off the western continental United States. The reason for this north-south difference in severity of the MHW within the California Current System (CCS) has remained unclear. The scientific community's lack of understanding of regional variations within MHWs prevents accurate prediction of SST anomalies and resulting ecological and economic impacts. We show the north-south difference in SST anomalies was due to a known wind pattern determined by the coastline shape. The wind anomalies in summer have a quasi-dipole structure: the northern lobe extends southwest from Washington/Oregon, and the southern lobe has opposite sign and extends south from Cape Mendocino in a triangle due to a hydraulic expansion fan in the marine boundary layer. The alternating wind intensifications and relaxations typically last several days. However, the large-scale ridging during the MHW was associated with unusual persistence in this pattern: in summer 2015 a single wind relaxation in the southern lobe lasted 2 weeks. These wind anomalies induce changes in SST, likely via changes in wind-driven vertical entrainment of cold water from below the mixed layer, and mixed-layer shoaling; the net air-sea heat flux anomaly is small. The July 2015 wind relaxation persisted so long that the changes in SST exceeded pre-existing SST variations. The resulting SST anomalies have a dipole pattern similar to the wind anomalies. These dipole SST anomalies explain the north-south asymmetry in the CCS MHW. We suggest that during future persistent ridging events, the SST anomalies off the western continental U.S. will develop a north-south split structure similar to July 2015.
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