Spiritual Leadership and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: A Meta-Analysis

Abstract

There have been many studies on spiritual leadership (SL) and its effects on organizational outcomes, ranging from commitment to organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs). Precisely, researches regarding SL and OCB were conducted in different regions, cultures, and industries. These topics attracted a growing interest in the second half of the last decade. To clarify the SL–OCB relationship with regard to varied regions and industries, a meta-analysis was needed. Thus, the purpose of this study was to systematically analyze the quantitative studies exploring SL and OCB and to determine whether region, school, or other variables have any moderating effects on the link between SL and OCB. Upon a thorough analysis of the papers on the relationship between both SL and OCB in the literature, 43 studies met the search terms, but only 17 of them were included in this study. The results revealed a mean effect size of r ¯ = .465, which displayed a statistically significant and positive relationship at the medium level between SL and OCB. The research also explored the effects of both Middle Eastern and Far Eastern samples, along with the factors of schools and other industries, on the link between SL and OCB. Neither different regions nor type of institutions had a significant effect on the link between SL and OCB.