Trend in serological and molecular diagnostic methods for Toxoplasma gondii infection

Abstract

Abstract Background Toxoplasma gondii, an intracellular parasite, is a significant cause of zoonotic disease, with an estimated one-third of the world’s human population believed to be infected. T. gondii is transmitted to humans through the consumption of contaminated water, soil, vegetables, fruits, shellfish or undercooked meat, and can also be passed from human to human through vertical transmission, transplants and blood transfusion. While T. gondii infection typically manifests mild symptoms such as colds among immunocompetent individuals, it can prove lethal for those with weakened immune systems. Methods To summarize the diagnostic methods for Toxoplasma gondii infection, we performed a literature search on PubMed from 1948 to 2023 using the keywords “T. gondii serological diagnosis” or “T. gondii molecular diagnosis”. Results Rapid and accurate diagnosis of T. gondii infection is imperative. Although a diagnostic kit is currently commercially available, there are a number of disadvantages to the validation principles applied to each diagnostic kit. Consequently, multiple diagnostic methods are concurrently employed to offset these limitations. Serological methods for diagnosing T. gondii infection include the Dye Test (DT), Agglutination Test (AT), Modified Agglutination Test (MAT), Latex Agglutination Test (LAT), Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), and Western Blot. Meanwhile, molecular methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), nested PCR, real-time PCR, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), multiplex PCR, and PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) are also utilized. Each of these methods possess its own set of advantages and disadvantages. Conclusions By summarizing the advantages and disadvantages of different diagnostic techniques, it is hoped that the epidemiology, prevention, and control of toxoplasmosis will be improved in the future through the use of appropriate technologies.

Keywords

• Toxoplasma gondii
• Toxoplasmosis
• Diagnosis
• Specificity
• Sensitivity