Prevalence and Characteristics of Hypertension among CKD Patients in Sudan: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Abstract

The rate of chronic kidney diseases (CKD) is increasing steadily in Sudan, and hypertension remains one of the most common coexisting conditions among the patients. In this meta-analysis, we aimed to answer the review question (what is the prevalence of hypertension among patients with advanced CKD in Sudan?). We applied a guidelines checklist for the literature search about the (PRISMA-P 2015). We searched Google Scholar, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Medline electronic databases for all articles on CKD conducted in Sudan. Eventually, we identified 23 studies, and only eight were included in the final meta-analysis. Out of the eight articles, there is a total sample of 2682 patients who were presented and diagnosed with advanced stage CKD; among them, 864 were found to be hypertensive, and the overall pooled prevalent rate of hypertension was 32% (95% CI 25% to 39%) with 91% heterogeneity. The lowest rate of hypertension among patients diagnosed with CKD was falling in the range of (14%-21%). We assessed the heterogeneity among studies using the I2, T2, and Q statistics. The results showed a funnel plot with asymmetrical distribution for effect sizes. The literature and evidence-based data on CKD in Sudan are scarce. However, the eight studies reviewed revealed elevated odds of CKD among patients with hypertension. The burden of the increased rate of CKD associated with prevalent hypertension and DM is a call for authorities for urgent interventional response.

Keywords

• ckd
• dialysis
• end-stage renal disease
• hypertension
• renal failure
• sudan