Hypocretin (orexin) regulation of sleep-to-wake transitions

Abstract

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The hypocretin (Hcrt), also known as orexin, peptides are essential for arousal stability. Here I discuss background information about the interaction of Hcrt with other neuromodulators, including norepinephrine and acetylcholine probed with optogenetics. I conclude that Hcrt neurons integrate metabolic, circadian and limbic inputs and convey this information to a network of neuromodulators, each of which has a different role on the dynamic of sleep-to-wake transitions. This model may prove useful to predict the effects of orexin receptor antagonists in sleep disorders and other conditions.

Keywords

• Hypothalamus
• Sleep
• optogenetics
• orexin
• hypervigilance/avoidance