Outbreaks of iatrogenic botulism in Europe: Combating off-label medical use of Botulinum Neurotoxin (BoNT) in bariatric procedures

• Nityanand Jain,
• Edouard Lansiaux,
• Umut Yucel,
• Swantje Huenermund,
• Stella Goeschl,
• Patricia Schlagenhauf

Affiliations

Nityanand Jain

Corresponding author.; Faculty of Medicine, Riga Stradinš University, 16 Dzirciema Street, Riga, LV-1007, Latvia

Edouard Lansiaux

Lille University School of Medicine, 2 Avenue Eugène Avinée, 59120, Loos, Lille, France

Umut Yucel

Faculty of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, 34349, Turkey

Swantje Huenermund

Faculty of Medicine, Riga Stradinš University, 16 Dzirciema Street, Riga, LV-1007, Latvia; Department of Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Helios Clinic Erfurt, Erfurt, 99089, Germany

Stella Goeschl

Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria

Patricia Schlagenhauf

University of Zürich, Institute for Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Travellers' Health, Department of Global and Public Health, MilMedBiol Competence Centre, Zürich, Switzerland