Versatility of uniformly doped graphene quantum Hall arrays in series

Abstract

In this work, the limiting factors for developing metrologically useful arrays from epitaxial graphene on SiC are lifted with a combination of centimeter-scale, high-quality material growth and the implementation of superconducting contacts. Standard devices for metrology have been restricted to having a single quantized value output based on the ν = 2 Landau level. With the demonstrations herein of devices having multiple outputs of quantized values available simultaneously, these versatile devices can be used to disseminate the ohm globally. Such devices are designed to give access to quantized resistance values over the range of three orders of magnitude, starting as low as the standard value of ∼12.9 kΩ and reaching as high as 1.29 MΩ. Several experimental methods are used to assess the quality and versatility of the devices, including standard lock-in techniques and Raman spectroscopy.