Heliyon (Nov 2023)
Potential roles of circulating microRNAs in the healing of type 1 diabetic wounds treated with green tea extract: molecular and biochemical study
Abstract
Background: Circulating miRNAs have been implicated in various aspects of diabetic wound healing, including inflammation, angiogenesis, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Thus, in alternative herbal medicine strategies, miRNAs will be potential therapeutic molecular targets in nonhealing wounds. These could be valuable elements for understanding the molecular basis of diabetic wound healing and could be used as good elements in bioinformatics. Objectives: To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of microRNAs in association with apoptosis-inducing genes in controlling skin wound healing in diabetic wounds treated with green tea polyphenols (GTPs). Methods: Green tea hydro extract (GTE) at doses of100–200 mg/ml was topically applied to the skin tissues of rats with T1DM induced by a single dose of streptozotocin (STZ; 100 mg/kg, in 0.01 M sodium citrate, pH 4.3–4.5) injected intraperitoneally for seven consecutive days to induce T1DM. The rats were treated with green tea for three weeks. A sterile surgical blade was used to inflict a circular wound approximately 2 cm in diameter on the anterior-dorsal side of previously anesthetized rats by a combination of ketamine hydrochloride (50 mg/kg, i.e., body weight) and xylazine hydrochloride. Afterward, the molecular roles of the circulating miRNAs miR-21, miR-23a, miR-146a, and miR-29b and apoptotic genes were determined by quantitative real-time PCR to evaluate Bax, Caspase-3, and Bcl-2 in wound healing. In addition, HPLC analysis was also performed to estimate the active polyphenols (GTPs) present in the hydro extract of green tea leaves. Results: Wound healing was improved in diabetic skin wounds following treatment with GTE at doses of 100–200 mg/dl for three weeks. The wound parameters contraction, epithelialization, and scar formation significantly improved in a short time (14 days) compared to the longer periods identified in diabetic non-treated rats (20 days) and the standard control (15.5 days). Molecular analyses reported a significant increase in the levels of miR-21, miR-23a, and miR-146a and a decrease in the levels of miR-29b in green tea-treated diabetic rats compared to those in the standard control and STZ-diabetic non-treated rats. In addition, the molecular apoptotic genes Bax and caspase-3 significantly increased, and the BcL-2 gene significantly decreased following treatment with green tea polyphenols. Conclusions: The data showed that active green tea polyphenols (GTPs) present in GTE significantly improved diabetic wound healing by controlling apoptotic genes and the circulating microRNAs miR-21, miR-23a, miR-146a, and miR-29b, which might be involved in cellular apoptosis and angiogenesis processes. Thus, to establish a future model for the treatment of diabetic wounds, further studies are needed to understand the potential association of these biological parameters with the wound-healing process in diabetic wounds.
