Intranasal creatine administration increases brain creatine level and improves Barnes maze performance in rats

Abstract

While skeletal muscle creatine levels can be enhanced by exogenous creatine supplementation, the elevation of brain creatine levels with oral creatine administration remains a challenge due to a lack of effective transportation of creatine through the blood-brain barrier. Intranasal administration can bypass the blood-brain barrier and deliver drugs directly to the brain. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of intranasal administration of creatine on brain creatine level and cognitive performance. Rats were randomly assigned into three groups intranasal administration group, oral administration group, and control group. The intranasal group exhibited fewer errors and shorter primary latency compared to the control and oral groups, respectively, during the acquisition phase of the Barnes maze. The intranasal group spent a higher percentage of time in the target quadrant during the probe trial compared to the control group. Biochemical measurements showed that the concentration of creatine in the olfactory bulbs, medial prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus of the rats in the intranasal group was higher than in the oral, and control groups. These results indicate that intranasal administration of creatine hydrochloride increases the creatine level in the rat’s brain’s and improves their performance in the Barnes maze.

Keywords

• Creatine
• Intranasal administration
• Barnes maze
• Olfactory bulb
• Medial prefrontal cortex
• Hippocampus