Life Cycle Assessment of Battery Energy Storage Technologies for Vehicular Applications

Abstract

The necessity of sustainable energy sources and storage technologies is emerging due to growing energy demands. Thus, it encourages the need to perform sustainability analysis in terms of energy efficiency. For battery technologies, energy production and recycling holds a significance. In this study, the direct and indirect requirements of various battery technologies including production to transportation . The five battery technologies taken into account for the analysis are Lithium ion , Nickel Metal Hydride , Lead acid , Valve Regulated lead Acid, and Nickel Cadmium . The characteristics analyzed here are cycle life, energy density and energy efficiency . The study also covers the life cycle assessment in an structured way from raw to evaluation of materials , energy flow, installation , usage to end of life.

Keywords

• energy
• storage
• recycling
• manufacturing
• charge-discharge
• cradle
• battery technology