Clinicoepidemiological Profile and Diagnosis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 and Influenza Viruses in Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Illness by Real-time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction: A Cross-sectional Study

Abstract

Introduction: Severe Acute Respiratory Illness (SARI) caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARSCoV-2) and influenza viruses represent a significant global public health concern. The disease spectrum ranges from mild to life-threatening conditions. Surveillance of hospitalised SARI patients is an essential public health tool used to identify cause of the disease, track changes in circulating viruses and serve as an alert mechanism for potential pandemic viruses. Aim: To determine the rate of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus positivity among SARI cases and to investigate the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the patients. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 400 SARI patients admitted to Guru Nanak Dev Hospital, Amritsar, Punjab, India between February 2021 and June 2022. The clinical, demographic, and epidemiological data, as well as co-morbidities of all patients were recorded. Oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal samples were collected and tested for SARSCoV-2, Influenza A, Influenza A (H3N2), Influenza A (H1N1) pdm09-pandemic 2009, and Influenza B using real-time Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) test. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0 for Windows. Results: Out of the 400 SARI patients, 117 (29.25%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, 14 (3.5%) for Influenza A, 7 (1.75%) for Influenza A (H1N1) pdm09, and 4 (1%) for Influenza A (H3N2). The majority of cases in both SARS-CoV-2 and influenza were in the 41-60 years age group (47.86% and 57.14%, respectively). Males were predominantly infected in SARS-CoV-2 positive patients (62/117, 52.99%), while females were more infected in influenza positive cases (9/14, 64.28%). The most common presenting symptoms were fever, cough, dyspnoea, and sore throat in both cases. Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), and coronary artery disease were the most common co-morbidities observed. Conclusion: Evaluation of clinical and epidemiological profiles of SARI patients can aid in better understanding and management of outbreaks. Close monitoring and quarantine measures will be necessary to prevent extensive transmission within the community

Keywords

• co-morbidies
• influenza virus
• respiratory viruses
• severe acute respiratory infection