Revisiting the Venoarteriolar Reflex–Further Insights from Upper Limb Dependency in Healthy Subjects

Abstract

The venoarteriolar reflex (VAR) is described as a vasoconstriction occurring in response to an increase in venous transmural pressure. Its underlying mechanisms are still not clarified, particularly the neural pathway that supposedly evokes this reflex. In addition, recent studies have shown that the postural maneuvers that evoke VAR also produce a decrease in contralateral perfusion, which is also poorly understood. Our study aimed to explore the contralateral response to unilateral upper limb dependency and its underlying mechanisms. Fifteen young, healthy subjects (24.1 ± 5.8 y.o.) participated in this study after giving informed consent. While seated, subjects remained for 7 min with both arms at heart level (baseline), after which a random hand was placed 40 cm below the heart level for 5 min (dependency) before resuming the initial position for another 7 min (recovery). Skin perfusion was assessed bilaterally with photoplethysmography, and electrodermal activity (EDA) was assessed in the contralateral hand. During hand dependency, perfusion decreased significantly in both limbs, although it was more pronounced in the dependent limb, corroborating previous reports that unilateral limb dependency evokes a decrease in contralateral perfusion. Transient EDA peaks were detected in the first seconds of the dependency and recovery phases. These results support the participation of the sympathetic nervous system as a mechanism regulating contralateral perfusion during unilateral limb dependency. This sympathetic activation is probably attributed to the postural changes themselves and is likely not related to the VAR.

Keywords

• venoarteriolar reflex
• upper limb
• contralateral response
• skin perfusion
• sympathetic nervous system
• photoplethysmography