International Journal of General Medicine (Nov 2022)
Interleukin-1β and Interleukin-10 Profiles and Ratio in Serum of COVID-19 Patients and Correlation with COVID-19 Severity: A Time Series Study
Abstract
Resti Yudhawati,1 Sakina Sakina,1 Munawaroh Fitriah2 1Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga – Dr Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia; 2Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga – Dr Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, IndonesiaCorrespondence: Resti Yudhawati, Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga – Dr Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Jl. Prof. Dr Moestopo 6-8, Surabaya, 60286, Indonesia, Tel +62 89673691726, Email [email protected]: Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) can, in severe cases, lead to cytokine-release syndrome owing to an excessive immune response. The release of different cytokines aggravates disease severity. IL-1β is a pro-inflammatory cytokine, while IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine, and both are involved in the human immune response to infection. This study aimed to determine whether serum levels of IL-1β and IL-10 and the ratio of the two over time in patients with COVID-19 could facilitate early identification of disease severity.Methods: An analytical, observational time-series design was employed. Fifty participants were enrolled between May and October 2020 and were divided into two groups—non-severe (n = 20), and severe (n = 30). IL-1β and IL-10 were analyzed using BD cytometric bead array sets. Association of the IL-1β:IL-10 ratio with COVID-19 severity was analyzed using a Mann–Whitney test and Fisher’s exact test. Optimal cut‐off values to predict disease severity were determined by Youden’s index.Results: In non-severe and severe groups, the median serum levels of IL-1β decreased on day 3 (1.72 ng/mL and 2.10 ng/mL, respectively), then increased on day 6 (2.05 ng/mL and 3.31 ng/mL, respectively). However, the median of IL-10 increased on day 3 (1.88 ng/mL and 2.30 ng/mL, respectively) and day 6 (2.02 ng/mL and 2.39 ng/mL, respectively). There was no significant association between the IL-1β:IL-10 ratio and COVID-19 severity at any time-point (p> 0.05). The cutoff value of serum IL-10 between the two groups on days 0, 3, and 6 was 1.09 pg/mL (sensitivity: 66.6%; PPV: 71.4%), 2.11 pg/mL (sensitivity: 67.7%; PPV: 50.0%), and 2.08 pg/mL (sensitivity: 78.6%; PPV: 70.9%), respectively.Conclusion: The IL-1β:IL-10 ratio was not correlated to COVID-19 severity. However, owing to its high sensitivity, IL-10 may be a potential biomarker for disease severity in severe COVID-19.Keywords: interleukin, IL-1β, IL-10, severity, COVID-19
