Sex and gender differences in health and disease. Part II. Clinical and medical-social

Abstract

An important condition for providing quality and safe care is to understand the differences between men and women in epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical performance of diseases, response to treatment and use of medical care. The first part of the review was devoted to the evolutionary mechanisms of differences in life expectancy and potential strategies for increasing life expectancy in men. The second part of the review examines sex and gender differences using the example of 3 groups of diseases, which, according to the World Health Organization, are the main causes of death in the European Region, in the programming of health and disease, as well as the reasons for the male-female health-survival paradox.

Keywords

• programming of health and disease
• gender paradox
• sex and gender differences
• cardiovascular diseases
• cancer
• neurological diseases