MgADP Promotes Myosin Head Movement toward Actin at Low [Ca²⁺] to Increase Force Production and Ca²⁺-Sensitivity of Contraction in Permeabilized Porcine Myocardial Strips

Abstract

Myosin cross-bridges dissociate from actin following Mg2+-adenosine triphosphate (MgATP) binding. Myosin hydrolyses MgATP into inorganic phosphate (Pi) and Mg2+-adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and release of these hydrolysis products drives chemo-mechanical energy transitions within the cross-bridge cycle to power muscle contraction. Some forms of heart disease are associated with metabolic or enzymatic dysregulation of the MgATP-MgADP nucleotide pool, resulting in elevated cytosolic [MgADP] and impaired muscle relaxation. We investigated the mechanical and structural effects of increasing [MgADP] in permeabilized myocardial strips from porcine left ventricle samples. Sarcomere length was set to 2.0 µm at 28 °C, and all solutions contained 3% dextran T-500 to compress myofilament lattice spacing to near-physiological values. Under relaxing low [Ca2+] conditions (pCa 8.0, where pCa = −log10[Ca2+]), tension increased as [MgADP] increased from 0-5 mM. Complementary small-angle X-ray diffraction measurements show that the equatorial intensity ratio, I1,1/I1,0, also increased as [MgADP] increased from 0 to 5 mM, indicating myosin head movement away from the thick-filament backbone towards the thin-filament. Ca2+-activated force-pCa measurements show that Ca2+-sensitivity of contraction increased with 5 mM MgADP, compared to 0 mM MgADP. These data show that MgADP augments tension at low [Ca2+] and Ca2+-sensitivity of contraction, suggesting that MgADP destabilizes the quasi-helically ordered myosin OFF state, thereby shifting the cross-bridge population towards the disordered myosin ON state. Together, these results indicate that MgADP enhances the probability of cross-bridge binding to actin due to enhancement of both thick and thin filament-based activation mechanisms.

Keywords

• cardiac muscle
• X-ray diffraction
• thick-filament structure
• muscle mechanics
• myofilament function