Sex specific impact of different obesity phenotypes on the risk of incident hypertension: Tehran lipid and glucose study

Abstract

Abstract Background To investigate the association between different obesity phenotypes and the risk of incident hypertension among both genders. Methods The study population included 3659 Iranians (men = 1540), aged ≥20 years free of hypertension at baseline. Participants were classified into six categories of body mass index (BMI)-metabolic health status, in which unhealthy metabolic status was defined based on the presence of > 1 component of metabolic syndrome (MetS) using the joint interim statement (JIS) criteria or the presence of insulin resistance (IR). The association between different obesity phenotypes and incident hypertension was assessed using multivariate Cox’s proportional hazard models adjusted for age, current smoking, low physical activity, diabetes mellitus, family history of premature cardiovascular disease, estimated glomerular filtration rate, phase of recruitment, BMI and systolic blood pressure, considering metabolically healthy normal weight group as the reference. Results After a median follow-up of 11.6 years 1122 participants (men = 493) experienced hypertension. Using JIS criteria, a significant higher risk of hypertension was observed among metabolically healthy obese and well as metabolically unhealthy groups among men in the age adjusted model; however, a significant higher risk in the fully adjusted model was seen among women in the metabolically healthy obese [hazard ratio (HR) 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.96(1.16–3.32)] as well as metabolically unhealthy normal weight [1.98(1.37–2.86)], overweight [2.08(1.49–2.90)] and obese [2.06(1.27–3.30)] groups. Using insulin sensitive normal weight group as the reference, among men, being overweight or obese with and without IR was significant predictors of incident hypertension in the age adjusted model; however, among women, insulin resistant overweight [1.46(1.06–2.02)] and obese groups, [1.63(1.01–2.62)] showed significant risk in the fully adjusted model. Conclusion We concluded that first, there was significant difference between genders in the associations between obesity phenotypes and incident hypertension. Second, in general, metabolic status defined by MetS components as compared to IR could do better in identifying high risk women for hypertension. Third, women populations who are metabolically healthy obese using MetS definition or those with either > 1 component of metabolic syndrome or overweight/obese ones with IR should be prioritized for implementing urgent preventive strategies against hypertension focusing on lifestyle changes.

Keywords

• Obesity phenotype
• Hypertension
• Insulin resistance
• Metabolic syndrome