Nuclear Fusion (Jan 2024)
Overview of the KSTAR experiments toward fusion reactor
- Won-Ha Ko,
- S.W. Yoon,
- W.C. Kim,
- J.G. Kwak,
- K.L. Park,
- Y.U. Nam,
- S.J. Wang,
- J. Chung,
- B.H. Park,
- G.Y. Park,
- H.H. Lee,
- H.S. Han,
- M.J. Choi,
- Y.S. Na,
- Y. In,
- C.Y. Lee,
- M. Kim,
- G.S. Yun,
- Y.-C. Ghim,
- W.H. Choe,
- J.M. Kwon,
- J.P. Lee,
- W.C. Lee,
- Y.M. Jeon,
- K. Kim,
- J.H. Lee,
- G.W. Shin,
- J. Kim,
- J. Lee,
- S.H. Hahn,
- J.W. Lee,
- H.S. Kim,
- J.G. Bak,
- S.G. Lee,
- Y.H. Lee,
- J.H. Jeong,
- M.H. Woo,
- J.H. Kim,
- J.W. Juhn,
- J.S. Ko,
- C. Sung,
- H.W. Shin,
- J.M. Park,
- S.K. Kim,
- J.K. Park,
- N.C. Logan,
- S.M. Yang,
- E. Kolemen,
- Q.M. Hu,
- R. Shousha,
- J. Barr,
- C. Paz-Soldan,
- Y.S. Park,
- S.A. Sabbagh,
- K. Ida,
- S. Kim,
- A. Loarte,
- E. Gilson,
- D. Eldon,
- T. Nakano,
- T. Tala,
- KSTAR Team
Affiliations
- Won-Ha Ko
- ORCiD
- Korea institute of Fusion Energy (KFE) , Daejeon 34133, Korea, Republic Of; Korea University of Science and Technology , Daejeon 34133, Korea, Republic Of
- S.W. Yoon
- Korea institute of Fusion Energy (KFE) , Daejeon 34133, Korea, Republic Of
- W.C. Kim
- Korea institute of Fusion Energy (KFE) , Daejeon 34133, Korea, Republic Of
- J.G. Kwak
- Korea institute of Fusion Energy (KFE) , Daejeon 34133, Korea, Republic Of
- K.L. Park
- Korea institute of Fusion Energy (KFE) , Daejeon 34133, Korea, Republic Of
- Y.U. Nam
- Korea institute of Fusion Energy (KFE) , Daejeon 34133, Korea, Republic Of
- S.J. Wang
- Korea institute of Fusion Energy (KFE) , Daejeon 34133, Korea, Republic Of
- J. Chung
- Korea institute of Fusion Energy (KFE) , Daejeon 34133, Korea, Republic Of
- B.H. Park
- Korea institute of Fusion Energy (KFE) , Daejeon 34133, Korea, Republic Of
- G.Y. Park
- Korea institute of Fusion Energy (KFE) , Daejeon 34133, Korea, Republic Of
- H.H. Lee
- Korea institute of Fusion Energy (KFE) , Daejeon 34133, Korea, Republic Of
- H.S. Han
- Korea institute of Fusion Energy (KFE) , Daejeon 34133, Korea, Republic Of
- M.J. Choi
- ORCiD
- Korea institute of Fusion Energy (KFE) , Daejeon 34133, Korea, Republic Of
- Y.S. Na
- Seoul National University , Seoul 08826, Korea, Republic Of
- Y. In
- ORCiD
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology , Ulsan 44919, Korea, Republic Of
- C.Y. Lee
- ORCiD
- Korea institute of Fusion Energy (KFE) , Daejeon 34133, Korea, Republic Of
- M. Kim
- ORCiD
- Korea institute of Fusion Energy (KFE) , Daejeon 34133, Korea, Republic Of
- G.S. Yun
- ORCiD
- Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang, Korea, Republic Of
- Y.-C. Ghim
- ORCiD
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology , Daejeon 34141, Korea, Republic Of
- W.H. Choe
- ORCiD
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology , Daejeon 34141, Korea, Republic Of
- J.M. Kwon
- Korea institute of Fusion Energy (KFE) , Daejeon 34133, Korea, Republic Of
- J.P. Lee
- ORCiD
- Hanyang Univ , Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Korea, Republic Of
- W.C. Lee
- Korea institute of Fusion Energy (KFE) , Daejeon 34133, Korea, Republic Of
- Y.M. Jeon
- ORCiD
- Korea institute of Fusion Energy (KFE) , Daejeon 34133, Korea, Republic Of
- K. Kim
- ORCiD
- Korea institute of Fusion Energy (KFE) , Daejeon 34133, Korea, Republic Of
- J.H. Lee
- Korea institute of Fusion Energy (KFE) , Daejeon 34133, Korea, Republic Of; Korea University of Science and Technology , Daejeon 34133, Korea, Republic Of
- G.W. Shin
- ORCiD
- Korea institute of Fusion Energy (KFE) , Daejeon 34133, Korea, Republic Of
- J. Kim
- Korea institute of Fusion Energy (KFE) , Daejeon 34133, Korea, Republic Of
- J. Lee
- ORCiD
- Korea institute of Fusion Energy (KFE) , Daejeon 34133, Korea, Republic Of
- S.H. Hahn
- ORCiD
- Korea institute of Fusion Energy (KFE) , Daejeon 34133, Korea, Republic Of
- J.W. Lee
- ORCiD
- Korea institute of Fusion Energy (KFE) , Daejeon 34133, Korea, Republic Of
- H.S. Kim
- ORCiD
- Korea institute of Fusion Energy (KFE) , Daejeon 34133, Korea, Republic Of
- J.G. Bak
- Korea institute of Fusion Energy (KFE) , Daejeon 34133, Korea, Republic Of
- S.G. Lee
- ORCiD
- Korea institute of Fusion Energy (KFE) , Daejeon 34133, Korea, Republic Of; Korea University of Science and Technology , Daejeon 34133, Korea, Republic Of
- Y.H. Lee
- ORCiD
- Korea institute of Fusion Energy (KFE) , Daejeon 34133, Korea, Republic Of
- J.H. Jeong
- Korea institute of Fusion Energy (KFE) , Daejeon 34133, Korea, Republic Of
- M.H. Woo
- Korea institute of Fusion Energy (KFE) , Daejeon 34133, Korea, Republic Of
- J.H. Kim
- ORCiD
- Korea institute of Fusion Energy (KFE) , Daejeon 34133, Korea, Republic Of
- J.W. Juhn
- Korea institute of Fusion Energy (KFE) , Daejeon 34133, Korea, Republic Of
- J.S. Ko
- ORCiD
- Korea institute of Fusion Energy (KFE) , Daejeon 34133, Korea, Republic Of; Korea University of Science and Technology , Daejeon 34133, Korea, Republic Of
- C. Sung
- ORCiD
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology , Daejeon 34141, Korea, Republic Of
- H.W. Shin
- Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute , Daejeon 34057, Korea, Republic Of
- J.M. Park
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
- S.K. Kim
- ORCiD
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory , Princeton, NJ 08543-0451, United States of America
- J.K. Park
- Seoul National University , Seoul 08826, Korea, Republic Of; Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory , Princeton, NJ 08543-0451, United States of America
- N.C. Logan
- ORCiD
- Columbia University , New York, NY 10027, United States of America
- S.M. Yang
- ORCiD
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory , Princeton, NJ 08543-0451, United States of America
- E. Kolemen
- ORCiD
- Princeton University , Princeton, NJ 08544, United States of America
- Q.M. Hu
- ORCiD
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory , Princeton, NJ 08543-0451, United States of America
- R. Shousha
- ORCiD
- Princeton University , Princeton, NJ 08544, United States of America
- J. Barr
- ORCiD
- General Atomics , San Diego, CA 92121, United States of America
- C. Paz-Soldan
- ORCiD
- Columbia University , New York, NY 10027, United States of America
- Y.S. Park
- ORCiD
- Korea institute of Fusion Energy (KFE) , Daejeon 34133, Korea, Republic Of; Columbia University , New York, NY 10027, United States of America
- S.A. Sabbagh
- Columbia University , New York, NY 10027, United States of America
- K. Ida
- ORCiD
- National Institute for Fusion Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences , Toki, Japan
- S. Kim
- ITER Organization , Route de Vinon-sur Verdon, 13067 St. Paul Lez Durance, France
- A. Loarte
- ORCiD
- ITER Organization , Route de Vinon-sur Verdon, 13067 St. Paul Lez Durance, France
- E. Gilson
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory , Princeton, NJ 08543-0451, United States of America
- D. Eldon
- ORCiD
- General Atomics , San Diego, CA 92121, United States of America
- T. Nakano
- National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology , Naka, Japan
- T. Tala
- ORCiD
- VTT Technical Research Centre , FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
- KSTAR Team
- Korea institute of Fusion Energy (KFE) , Daejeon 34133, Korea, Republic Of
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ad3b1d
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 64,
no. 11
p. 112010
Abstract
The Korean Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research has been focused on exploring the key physics and engineering issues for future fusion reactors by demonstrating the long pulse operation of high beta steady-state discharge. Advanced scenarios are being developed with the goal for steady-state operation, and significant progress has been made in high ℓ _i , hybrid and high beta scenarios with β _N of 3. In the new operation scenario called fast ion regulated enhanced (FIRE), fast ions play an essential role in confinement enhancement. GK simulations show a significant reduction of the thermal energy flux when the thermal ion fraction decreases and the main ion density gradient is reversed by the fast ions in FIRE mode. Optimization of 3D magnetic field techniques, including adaptive control and real-time machine learning control algorithm, enabled long-pulse operation and high-performance ELM-suppressed discharge. Symmetric multiple shattered pellet injections (SPIs) and real-time disruption event characterization and forecasting are being performed to mitigate and avoid the disruptions associated with high-performance, long-pulse ITER-like scenarios. Finally, the near-term research plan will be addressed with the actively cooled tungsten divertor, a major upgrade of the NBI and helicon current drive heating, and transition to a full metallic wall.
Keywords
- FIRE-mode
- machine learning (ML) control algorithm
- long ELM-suppression
- tungsten divertor
- virtual KSTAR
- high beta long pulse
