Atmospheric oxygen and carbon dioxide observations from two European coastal stations 2000–2005: continental influence, trend changes and APO climatology

Abstract

Seeking for baseline conditions has biased the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) and later on also oxygen (O₂) monitoring networks towards remote marine stations, missing part of the variability that is due to regional anthropogenic as well as land biotic activity. We present here a five-year record of atmospheric CO₂ concentrations and oxygen/nitrogen (O₂/N₂) ratio measurements from the coastal stations Lutjewad (LUT), The Netherlands and Mace Head (MHD), Ireland, derived from flask samples. O₂/N₂ ratios, a proxy for O₂ concentrations, concurrently measured with CO₂ concentrations, help determine regional CO₂ fluxes by separating land fluxes from sea fluxes. Mace Head is the closest marine baseline station to Lutjewad, located at the same latitude, and therefore is taken as a reference. During the studied period, from 2000 until 2005, we observed an average increase of CO₂ in the atmosphere of (1.7±0.2) ppm y^−1, and a change of the O₂/N₂ ratio of (−20±1) per meg y^−1. The difference between the CO₂ summer minimum and the winter maximum is 14.4 ppm and 16.1 ppm at Mace Head and Lutjewad, respectively, while the paraphase variation in the O₂ signal equals 113 per meg and 153 per meg, respectively. We also studied the atmospheric potential oxygen (APO) tracer at both stations. By this analysis, evidence has been found that we need to be careful when using APO close to anthropogenic CO₂ sources. It could be biased by combustion-derived CO₂, and models need to take into account daily and seasonal variations in the anthropogenic CO₂ production in order to be able to simulate APO over the continents.