Diagnostics (Mar 2022)

Fully Automated Thrombus Segmentation on CT Images of Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke

  • Mahsa Mojtahedi,
  • Manon Kappelhof,
  • Elena Ponomareva,
  • Manon Tolhuisen,
  • Ivo Jansen,
  • Agnetha A. E. Bruggeman,
  • Bruna G. Dutra,
  • Lonneke Yo,
  • Natalie LeCouffe,
  • Jan W. Hoving,
  • Henk van Voorst,
  • Josje Brouwer,
  • Nerea Arrarte Terreros,
  • Praneeta Konduri,
  • Frederick J. A. Meijer,
  • Auke Appelman,
  • Kilian M. Treurniet,
  • Jonathan M. Coutinho,
  • Yvo Roos,
  • Wim van Zwam,
  • Diederik Dippel,
  • Efstratios Gavves,
  • Bart J. Emmer,
  • Charles Majoie,
  • Henk Marquering

DOI
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12030698
Journal volume & issue
Vol. 12, no. 3
p. 698

Abstract

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Thrombus imaging characteristics are associated with treatment success and functional outcomes in stroke patients. However, assessing these characteristics based on manual annotations is labor intensive and subject to observer bias. Therefore, we aimed to create an automated pipeline for consistent and fast full thrombus segmentation. We used multi-center, multi-scanner datasets of anterior circulation stroke patients with baseline NCCT and CTA for training (n = 228) and testing (n = 100). We first found the occlusion location using StrokeViewer LVO and created a bounding box around it. Subsequently, we trained dual modality U-Net based convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to segment the thrombus inside this bounding box. We experimented with: (1) U-Net with two input channels for NCCT and CTA, and U-Nets with two encoders where (2) concatenate, (3) add, and (4) weighted-sum operators were used for feature fusion. Furthermore, we proposed a dynamic bounding box algorithm to adjust the bounding box. The dynamic bounding box algorithm reduces the missed cases but does not improve Dice. The two-encoder U-Net with a weighted-sum feature fusion shows the best performance (surface Dice 0.78, Dice 0.62, and 4% missed cases). Final segmentation results have high spatial accuracies and can therefore be used to determine thrombus characteristics and potentially benefit radiologists in clinical practice.

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