Limnology and Oceanography Letters (Feb 2023)
Five state factors control progressive stages of freshwater salinization syndrome
- Sujay S. Kaushal,
- Paul M. Mayer,
- Gene E. Likens,
- Jenna E. Reimer,
- Carly M. Maas,
- Megan A. Rippy,
- Stanley B. Grant,
- Ian Hart,
- Ryan M. Utz,
- Ruth R. Shatkay,
- Barret M. Wessel,
- Christine E. Maietta,
- Michael L. Pace,
- Shuiwang Duan,
- Walter L. Boger,
- Alexis M. Yaculak,
- Joseph G. Galella,
- Kelsey L. Wood,
- Carol J. Morel,
- William Nguyen,
- Shane Elizabeth C. Querubin,
- Rebecca A. Sukert,
- Anna Lowien,
- Alyssa Wellman Houde,
- Anaïs Roussel,
- Andrew J. Houston,
- Ari Cacopardo,
- Cristy Ho,
- Haley Talbot‐Wendlandt,
- Jacob M. Widmer,
- Jairus Slagle,
- James A. Bader,
- Jeng Hann Chong,
- Jenna Wollney,
- Jordan Kim,
- Lauren Shepherd,
- Matthew T. Wilfong,
- Megan Houlihan,
- Nathan Sedghi,
- Rebecca Butcher,
- Sona Chaudhary,
- William D. Becker
Affiliations
- Sujay S. Kaushal
- Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
- Paul M. Mayer
- Pacific Ecological Systems Division US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment Corvallis Oregon USA
- Gene E. Likens
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies Millbrook New York USA
- Jenna E. Reimer
- Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
- Carly M. Maas
- Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
- Megan A. Rippy
- Occoquan Watershed Monitoring Laboratory, The Charles E. Via Jr Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Virginia Tech Manassas Virginia USA
- Stanley B. Grant
- Occoquan Watershed Monitoring Laboratory, The Charles E. Via Jr Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Virginia Tech Manassas Virginia USA
- Ian Hart
- Chatham University Gibsonia Pennsylvania USA
- Ryan M. Utz
- Chatham University Gibsonia Pennsylvania USA
- Ruth R. Shatkay
- Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
- Barret M. Wessel
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
- Christine E. Maietta
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
- Michael L. Pace
- Department of Environmental Sciences University of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia USA
- Shuiwang Duan
- Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
- Walter L. Boger
- Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
- Alexis M. Yaculak
- Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
- Joseph G. Galella
- Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
- Kelsey L. Wood
- Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
- Carol J. Morel
- Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
- William Nguyen
- Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
- Shane Elizabeth C. Querubin
- Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
- Rebecca A. Sukert
- Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
- Anna Lowien
- Environmental Science & Policy Program University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
- Alyssa Wellman Houde
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
- Anaïs Roussel
- Department of Biology Georgetown University Washington District of Columbia USA
- Andrew J. Houston
- Department of Geology University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
- Ari Cacopardo
- Department of Geology University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
- Cristy Ho
- Department of Geology University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
- Haley Talbot‐Wendlandt
- Department of Geology University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
- Jacob M. Widmer
- Department of Geology University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
- Jairus Slagle
- Department of Geology University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
- James A. Bader
- Department of Geology University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
- Jeng Hann Chong
- Department of Geology University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
- Jenna Wollney
- Department of Geology University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
- Jordan Kim
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
- Lauren Shepherd
- Department of Geology University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
- Matthew T. Wilfong
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
- Megan Houlihan
- Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
- Nathan Sedghi
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
- Rebecca Butcher
- Department of Geology University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
- Sona Chaudhary
- Department of Geology University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
- William D. Becker
- Department of Geology University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1002/lol2.10248
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 8,
no. 1
pp. 190 – 211
Abstract
Abstract Factors driving freshwater salinization syndrome (FSS) influence the severity of impacts and chances for recovery. We hypothesize that spread of FSS across ecosystems is a function of interactions among five state factors: human activities, geology, flowpaths, climate, and time. (1) Human activities drive pulsed or chronic inputs of salt ions and mobilization of chemical contaminants. (2) Geology drives rates of erosion, weathering, ion exchange, and acidification‐alkalinization. (3) Flowpaths drive salinization and contaminant mobilization along hydrologic cycles. (4) Climate drives rising water temperatures, salt stress, and evaporative concentration of ions and saltwater intrusion. (5) Time influences consequences, thresholds, and potentials for ecosystem recovery. We hypothesize that state factors advance FSS in distinct stages, which eventually contribute to failures in systems‐level functions (supporting drinking water, crops, biodiversity, infrastructure, etc.). We present future research directions for protecting freshwaters at risk based on five state factors and stages from diagnosis to prognosis to cure.
