Adverse events during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ecuador: high frequency of healthcare-associated infections and increasing hospital stay and costs

Abstract

Summary: Background: The COVID-19 pandemic generated high workloads given the high volume of seriously ill patients; conditions that could increase the risk of adverse events (AE). This study analyzed the frequency of AE in patients with COVID-19 and their effect on mortality, hospital stay and costs. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included in-patients with COVID-19 at a single hospital between March 2020–June 2021. Exposure was the occurrence of at least one AE. Hospital stay, costs and death were considered outcomes. Clinical information and direct costs were obtained from medical and billing records. Generalized linear models were used to estimate the association measures. Results: 405 patients were included, 55.8% (n=226) men, median age 56 years (IQR: 41.0–70.0) and with a history of hypertension (26.2%; n=106), diabetes mellitus (13.8%; n=56) and obesity (13.8%; n=56). The incidence of AE was 13.3% (n=54), 29 patients presented more than one AE, for a total of 70 events. Most events (74.3%; n=52) were preventable and the most frequent were healthcare-associated infections (50%; n=35), phlebitis (14.3%; n=10) and pressure ulcers (12.9%; n=9). AE prolonged hospital stay (change rate: 1.57; 95%CI: 1.26–1.95; P=0.001) and increased direct healthcare costs (change rate: 1.20; 95% CI: 1.03–1.39, P=0.019). Likewise, the risk of death was 56% higher in patients with AE. Conclusion: Pandemics are unexpected events that present challenges to safe healthcare. Improving quality policies, monitoring compliance with protocols and providing ongoing education are strategies to prevent AE such as healthcare-associated infections, which increase hospital costs and stay.

Keywords

• COVID-19
• Adverse events
• Patient safety
• Costs
• Hospital stays
• Mortality