Theoretical and Experimental Insights into the Tandem Mannich—Electrophilic Amination Reaction: Synthesis of Safirinium Dyes

Abstract

Isoxazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-3(1H)-ones are ‘spring-loaded’ compounds that quantitatively react with iminium salts derived from formaldehyde and secondary amines to yield fluorescent Safirinium dyes. The mechanism and energetics of the above tandem Mannich–electrophilic amination reaction have been investigated experimentally and using theoretical methods. The hybrid B3LYP functional with GD3 empirical dispersion and range-separated hybrid functional ωB97XD, both combined with a PCM model, were applied to acquire the energetic profiles of the studied reaction with respect to the structure of secondary amine and isoxazolone used. Diastereoselectivity of the tandem reactions involving iminium salt derived from L-proline has been rationalized theoretically by means of density functional theory calculations.

Keywords

• cationic dyes
• DFT
• electrophilic amination
• isoxazolone
• Mannich reaction
• spring-loaded reactants