Neuroadaptive Biochemical Mechanisms of Remote Ischemic Conditioning

Abstract

This review summarizes the currently known biochemical neuroadaptive mechanisms of remote ischemic conditioning. In particular, it focuses on the significance of the pro-adaptive effects of remote ischemic conditioning which allow for the prevention of the neurological and cognitive impairments associated with hippocampal dysregulation after brain damage. The neuroimmunohumoral pathway transmitting a conditioning stimulus, as well as the molecular basis of the early and delayed phases of neuroprotection, including anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory components, are also outlined. Based on the close interplay between the effects of ischemia, especially those mediated by interaction of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) and steroid hormones, the involvement of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical system in remote ischemic conditioning is also discussed.

Keywords

• ischemic conditioning
• hippocampus
• brain
• adaptation
• mechanisms of neuroprotection
• hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1)