Optimizing Cr(VI) reduction to Cr(III) using Pd-CNTs nanocatalyst: kinetic Monte Carlo simulation and experimental design insights

Abstract

Abstract In this investigation, we explored the kinetics of Cr(VI) reduction to Cr(III) on carbon nanotube decorated with palladium (Pd-CNTs) nanocatalyst, using formic acid as the reducing agent. This study has been bone utilizing kinetic Monte Carlo simulation and experimental design methods. The mechanism and kinetic parameters of this reaction are provided. The effect various factors such as reaction time, pH level, dichromate (Cr2O7 2−) concentration, and formic acid concentration on Cr(VI) reduction was studied. Concentrations of HCOOH and Cr2O7 2− were identified as the crucial variables, while the HCOOH concentration has the most significant impact. Positive influences on Cr(VI) reduction were observed with increasing pH level and HCOOH concentration. Reaction time positively affects on Cr(VI) reduction efficiency. However, the concentration of Cr2O7 2− showed an increasing effect up to a threshold, negatively impacting the efficiency. The optimal conditions (Reaction time = 60 min, pH = 4.5, [Cr2O7 2−] = 5.05 × 10−3 M, and [HCOOH] = 0.95 M) for Cr(VI) reduction. At optimal conditions, the Cr(VI) reduction efficiency was obtained to be 100%.

Keywords

• Cr(VI) reduction
• Pd-CNT nanocatalysts
• Kinetic Monte Carlo simulation
• Formic acid
• Experimental design
• Cr(III) production