Photosensitizer Activation Drives Apoptosis by Interorganellar Ca²⁺ Transfer and Superoxide Production in Bystander Cancer Cells

Abstract

In cells, photosensitizer (PS) activation by visible light irradiation triggers reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, followed by a cascade of cellular responses involving calcium (Ca2+) and other second messengers, resulting in cell demise. Cytotoxic effects spread to nearby cells not exposed to light by poorly characterized so-called “bystander effects”. To elucidate the mechanisms involved in bystander cell death, we used both genetically encoded biosensors and fluorescent dyes. In particular, we monitored the kinetics of interorganellar Ca2+ transfer and the production of mitochondrial superoxide anion (O2−∙) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in irradiated and bystander B16-F10 mouse melanoma cancer cells. We determined that focal PS photoactivation in a single cell triggers Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) also in the surrounding nonexposed cells, paralleled by mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. Efficient Ca2+ efflux from the ER was required to promote mitochondrial O2−∙ production in these bystander cells. Our results support a key role for ER−mitochondria communication in the induction of ROS-mediated apoptosis in both direct and indirect photodynamical cancer cell killing.

Keywords

• bystander effect
• organellar ca²⁺
• ros
• mitochondria
• endoplasmic reticulum
• biosensors
• photodynamic therapy