Knockdown of best1 Gene in Zebrafish Caused Abnormal Neuronal and Skeletal Development - A Subtype of Craniovertebral Junction Malformation?

Abstract

Objective To investigate the developmental defects caused by knockdown of best1 gene in zebrafish as a model for a subtype of craniovertebral junction (CVJ) malformation. Methods Two antisense morpholinos (MOs) were designed targeting zebrafish best1 to block translation (ATG-MO) or to disrupt splicing (I3E4-MO). MOs were microinjected into fertilized one-cell embryos. Efficacy of splicing MO was confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Phenotypes were analyzed and quantified by microscopy at multiple developmental stages. Neuronal outgrowth was assessed in transgenic zebrafish expressing green fluorescent protein in neurons. Skeletal ossification was visualized by Calcein staining. Results Knockdown of best1 resulted in zebrafish embryos with shorter body length, curved axis, low survival rate, microcephaly, reduced eye size, smaller head and brain, impaired neuronal outgrowth, and reduced ossification of craniofacial and vertebral bone. Conclusion Best1 gene plays critical roles in ophthalmologic, neurological and skeletal development in zebrafish. A patient with a premature stop codon in BEST1 gene exhibited similar phenotypes, implying a subtype of CVJ malformation.

Keywords

• craniovertebral junction malformation
• genetic variations
• gene
• zebrafish
• skeletal ossification