Association between blood pressure and BMI with bladder cancer risk and mortality in 340,000 men in three Swedish cohorts

Abstract

Abstract Background The relation between obesity, blood pressure (BP) and bladder cancer (BC) risk and mortality remains unclear, partially due to potential confounding by smoking, the strongest risk factor for BC, and not accounting for tumor stage and grade in such studies. We investigated body mass index (BMI) and BP in relation to BC risk by stage and grade, and BC‐specific mortality, including separately among never‐smokers aimed at minimizing confounding by smoking. Methods We analyzed 338,910 men from three Swedish cohorts, with 4895 incident BC's (940 among never‐smokers) during follow‐up. Cox regression was used to calculate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals adjusted for smoking status. HRs for BMI and BP were corrected for their regression dilution ratios, calculated from 280,456 individuals with 758,641 observations. Results Body mass index was positively associated with non‐muscle invasive BC (NMIBC, HR per 5 kg/m2, 1.10 [1.02–1.19]) and NMIBC grade 3 (HR 1.17 [1.01–1.34]) in the full cohort, with similar effect sizes, albeit non‐significant, among never‐smokers. Systolic BP was positively associated with muscle‐invasive BC (MIBC, HR per 10 mmHg, 1.25 [1.00–1.55]) and BC‐specific mortality (HR 1.10 [1.01–1.20]) among never‐smokers, with weaker and non‐significant associations in the full cohort. Conclusions In an analyses of BMI, BP and BC risk by stage and grade among men, we found modest positive associations between BMI and NMIBC and NMIBC grade 3. SBP was positively associated with MIBC and BC‐specific mortality in an analysis of never‐smokers, which may reflect the association, un‐confounded by smoking, also in a broader population.

Keywords

• bladder cancer
• blood pressure
• body mass index
• confounding
• survival analysis