Differential Nitric Oxide Responses in Primary Cultured Keratinocytes and Fibroblasts to Visible and Near-Infrared Light

Abstract

NO is a crucial signaling molecule involved in skin health, the immune response, and the protection against environmental stressors. This study explores how different wavelengths of light, namely blue (455 nm), red (660 nm), and near infrared (NIR, 850 nm), affect nitric oxide (NO) production in skin cells. Primary keratinocytes and fibroblasts from three donors were exposed to these wavelengths, and NO production was quantified using a DAF-FM fluorescent probe. The results demonstrated that all three wavelengths stimulated NO release, with blue light showing the most pronounced effect. Specifically, blue light induced a 1.7-fold increase in NO in keratinocytes compared to red and NIR light and a 2.3-fold increase in fibroblasts compared to red light. Notably, fibroblasts exposed to NIR light produced 1.5 times more NO than those exposed to red light, while keratinocytes consistently responded more robustly across all wavelengths. In conclusion, blue light significantly boosts NO production in both keratinocytes and fibroblasts, making it the most effective wavelength. Red and NIR light, while less potent, also promote NO production and could serve as complementary therapeutic options, particularly for minimizing potential photoaging effects.

Keywords

• nitric oxide
• photobiomodulation
• visible light
• near-infrared light
• skin
• 4,5-diaminofluorescein (DAF)