Cell-Seeded Biomaterial Scaffolds: The Urgent Need for Unanswered Accelerated Angiogenesis

Abstract

Hanieh Shokrani,1,* Amirhossein Shokrani,2,* S Mohammad Sajadi,3,4 Farzad Seidi,5 Amin Hamed Mashhadzadeh,6 Navid Rabiee,7,8 Mohammad Reza Saeb,9 Tejraj Aminabhavi,10,11 Thomas J Webster12,13 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; 3Department of Nutrition, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, 625, Iraq; 4Department of Phytochemistry, SRC, Soran University, Soran, KRG, 624, Iraq; 5Jiangsu Co–Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People’s Republic of China; 6Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan; 7Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; 8School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia; 9Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland; 10School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Hubballi, Karnataka, 580 031, India; 11Department of Chemistry, Karnatak University, Dharwad, 580 003, India; 12School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China; 13Center for Biomaterials, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: S Mohammad Sajadi; Navid Rabiee, Email [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]: One of the most arduous challenges in tissue engineering is neovascularization, without which there is a lack of nutrients delivered to a target tissue. Angiogenesis should be completed at an optimal density and within an appropriate period of time to prevent cell necrosis. Failure to meet this challenge brings about poor functionality for the tissue in comparison with the native tissue, extensively reducing cell viability. Prior studies devoted to angiogenesis have provided researchers with some biomaterial scaffolds and cell choices for angiogenesis. For example, while most current angiogenesis approaches require a variety of stimulatory factors ranging from biomechanical to biomolecular to cellular, some other promising stimulatory factors have been underdeveloped (such as electrical, topographical, and magnetic). When it comes to choosing biomaterial scaffolds in tissue engineering for angiogenesis, key traits rush to mind including biocompatibility, appropriate physical and mechanical properties (adhesion strength, shear stress, and malleability), as well as identifying the appropriate biomaterial in terms of stability and degradation profile, all of which may leave essential trace materials behind adversely influencing angiogenesis. Nevertheless, the selection of the best biomaterial and cells still remains an area of hot dispute as such previous studies have not sufficiently classified, integrated, or compared approaches. To address the aforementioned need, this review article summarizes a variety of natural and synthetic scaffolds including hydrogels that support angiogenesis. Furthermore, we review a variety of cell sources utilized for cell seeding and influential factors used for angiogenesis with a concentrated focus on biomechanical factors, with unique stimulatory factors. Lastly, we provide a bottom-to-up overview of angiogenic biomaterials and cell selection, highlighting parameters that need to be addressed in future studies.Keywords: tissue engineering, polymeric scaffolds, biomaterials, angiogenesis, neovascularization, biomechanical factors

Keywords

• tissue engineering
• polymeric scaffolds
• biomaterials
• angiogenesis
• neovascularization
• biomechanical factors.