Evaluation of Lombard Speech Models in the Context of Speech in Noise Enhancement

Abstract

The Lombard effect is one of the most well-known effects of noise on speech production. Speech with the Lombard effect is more easily recognizable in noisy environments than normal natural speech. Our previous investigations showed that speech synthesis models might retain Lombard-effect characteristics. In this study, we investigate several speech models, such as harmonic, source-filter, and sinusoidal, applied to Lombard speech in the context of speech enhancement. For this purpose, 100 utterances of natural speech, and 100 with the Lombard effect induced are used. The goal of this study is to check to what extent speech utterances based on these models are recognizable and at what SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio) level threshold a particular model stops working. For this purpose, the synthesized models and Lombard speech are mixed with babble speech and street noise recordings with different SNRs. The quality of these models is measured, employing objective indicators as well as subjective tests. Since there is no standardized measure to apply to enhanced speech, an objective measure of assessing the speech quality of a model synthesizing Lombard speech characteristics, based on a feature vector, is proposed. Our approach is then compared with the standardized metric used in telecommunications as well as with subjective test results. The experimental investigations show the superiority of the source-filter models applied to synthesize Lombard speech over other models utilized. Also, the measure proposed correlates more closely with the results of the subjective evaluation than the outcomes from the ITU-T P.563 recommendation. This was checked with a ANOVA statistical analysis.

Keywords

• Lombard speech
• quality of experience
• speech modeling techniques