Nuclear safeguards: Technology, challenges, and future perspectives

Abstract

This comprehensive review paper delves into the multifaceted aspects of nuclear safeguards, emphasizing their indispensable role in upholding global security and preventing the illicit use of nuclear materials. Offering a fresh perspective on the nuclear safeguard system, the paper conducts a thorough examination of nuclear material accounting, underscoring the pivotal role of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in implementing and verifying these safeguards. It provides valuable insights into the safeguarding technologies, including the utilization of sophisticated Non-Destructive Assay (NDA) equipment such as neutron counting and Gamma-ray spectroscopy, which are essential for accurately characterizing nuclear materials, elucidating the crucial role of these activities in ensuring the integrity and effectiveness of nuclear safeguards. Furthermore, the study sheds light on the complexities inherent in the nuclear fuel cycle, elucidating various stages ranging from uranium mining to waste disposal. Additionally, it discusses different fuel cycle options and their implications for non-proliferation efforts. This discussion sheds light on how safeguards are integrated into each stage of the fuel cycle to prevent the proliferation of nuclear materials. The paper delves into the Additional Protocol, emphasizing its significance in enhancing the effectiveness of nuclear safeguards by providing the IAEA with expanded inspection access and information regarding nuclear activities. This comprehensive analysis not only enhances understanding of the current safeguarding landscape but also underscores the significance of ongoing research and development in this vital realm of nuclear safety and security.

Keywords

• Nuclear safeguards
• Non-proliferation
• Nuclear materials
• IAEA
• Nuclear fuel cycle
• NDA