Discovering common pathogenetic processes between periodontitis and Alzheimer’s disease by bioinformatics and system biology approach

Abstract

Abstract Background There is increasing evidence that inflammation plays a key role in the pathophysiology of periodontitis (PT) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but the roles of inflammation in linking PT and AD are not clear. Our aim is to analyze the potential molecular mechanisms between these two diseases using bioinformatics and systems biology approaches. Methods To elucidate the link between PT and AD, we selected shared genes (SGs) with gene-disease-association scores of ≥ 0.1 from the Disease Gene Network (DisGeNET) database, followed by extracting the hub genes. Based on these genes, we constructed gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis, pathway enrichment analysis, protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, transcription factors (TFs)-gene networks, microRNAs (miRNAs)-gene regulatory networks, and gene-disease association analyses. Finally, the Drug Signatures database (DSigDB) was utilized to predict candidate molecular drugs related to hub genes. Results A total of 21 common SGs between PT and AD were obtained. Cell cytokine activity, inflammatory response, and extracellular membrane were the most important enriched items in GO analysis. Interleukin-10 Signaling, LTF Danger Signal Response Pathway, and RAGE Pathway were identified as important shared pathways. IL6, IL10, IL1B, TNF, IFNG, CXCL8, CCL2, MMP9, TLR4 were identified as hub genes. Both shared pathways and hub genes are closely related to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Importantly, glutathione, simvastatin, and dexamethasone were identified as important candidate drugs for the treatment of PT and AD. Conclusions There is a close link between PT and AD pathogenesis, which may involve in the inflammation, ER and mitochondrial function.

Keywords

• Periodontitis
• Alzheimer’s disease
• Endoplasmic reticulum stress
• Inflammation
• Mitochondrial dysfunction
• Hub gene