A case report of an important role of epicardial connections in producing spontaneous pulmonary vein activity and initiating and maintaining atrial fibrillation

• Keishiro Yagyu, MD,
• Masao Takemoto, MD, PhD,
• Masaki Fujiwara, MD, PhD,
• Yoshibumi Antoku, MD, PhD,
• Tokushi Koga, MD, PhD,
• Takuya Tsuchihashi, MD, PhD

Affiliations

Keishiro Yagyu, MD

Cardiovascular Center, Steel Memorial Yawata Hospital, Kitakyushu, Japan

Masao Takemoto, MD, PhD

Address reprint requests and correspondence: Dr Masao Takemoto, Cardiovascular Center, Steel Memorial Yawata Hospital, 1-1-1 Haruno-machi, Yahatahigashi-ku, Kitakyushu 805-8508, Japan.; Cardiovascular Center, Steel Memorial Yawata Hospital, Kitakyushu, Japan

Masaki Fujiwara, MD, PhD

Cardiovascular Center, Steel Memorial Yawata Hospital, Kitakyushu, Japan

Yoshibumi Antoku, MD, PhD

Cardiovascular Center, Steel Memorial Yawata Hospital, Kitakyushu, Japan

Tokushi Koga, MD, PhD

Cardiovascular Center, Steel Memorial Yawata Hospital, Kitakyushu, Japan

Takuya Tsuchihashi, MD, PhD

Cardiovascular Center, Steel Memorial Yawata Hospital, Kitakyushu, Japan