Oncom from Surplus Bread Enriched in Vitamin B12 via In Situ Production by <i>Propionibacterium freudenreichii</i>

Abstract

Bread is a frequently wasted food product. Surplus or stale bread can be successfully processed by solid-state fermentation and used as the only fermentation substrate. Oncom, which originated in Indonesia, is made with moulds of the Neurospora genus. This experiment aimed to obtain oncome from stale bread enriched in vitamin B12. Co-fermentation with N. sitophila and Propionibacterium freudenreichii was carried out on two types of bread differing in chemical composition and initial pH value. Oncom obtained after 5 days of fermentation, depending on the substrate used and the fermentation variant (fungal, fungal-bacterial), contained from 35 to 40% dry mass, from 17.5 to about 23% protein, about 2 to max 5% fat, and from 65 to 74% carbohydrates by weight in dry mass. Vitamin B12 content depended largely on the bacterial strain, the colony-forming unit dose in the inoculum, and also the initial pH of the substrate. The oncom product obtained after co-fermentation with P. freudenreichii DSM 20271 contained a maximum of 1.3 µg/100 g, which corresponds to the vitamin B12 level in a chicken egg.

Keywords

• stale bread
• <i>Neurospora sitophila</i>
• solid-state fermentation
• co-fermentation