Surfaces (Jul 2020)

ZnO Surface Doping to Enhance the Photocatalytic Activity of Lithium Titanate/TiO<sub>2</sub> for Methylene Blue Photodegradation under Visible Light Irradiation

  • Anwar Iqbal,
  • N. H. Ibrahim,
  • Nur Ruzaina Abdul Rahman,
  • K. A. Saharudin,
  • Farook Adam,
  • Srimala Sreekantan,
  • Rahimi M. Yusop,
  • N. F. Jaafar,
  • Lee D. Wilson

DOI
https://doi.org/10.3390/surfaces3030022
Journal volume & issue
Vol. 3, no. 3
pp. 301 – 318

Abstract

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Wastewater contaminated with dyes produced by textile industries is a major problem due to inadequate treatment prior to release into the environment. In this paper, the ability of ZnO to enhance the interfacial photocatalytic activity of lithium titanate/TiO2 (LTO/TiO2) for the photodegradation of methylene blue (MB) under visible light irradiation (4.38 mW/cm2) was assessed. The ZnO-doped lithium titanate/TiO2 (ZnO/LTO/TiO2) was synthesized using a combination of hydrothermal and wetness impregnation methods. The high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses indicate that the ZnO/LTO/TiO2 contain several phases (ZnO, LTO, and TiO2). The adsorption capacity of LTO/TiO2 (70%) was determined to be higher compared to its photocatalytic activity (25%), which is attributed to the strong interaction between the Li and surface oxygen atoms with the MB dye molecules. The introduction of ZnO improved the photocatalytic ability of LTO/TiO2 by 45% and extended the life span of ZnO/LTO/TiO2. The ZnO/LTO/TiO2 can be reused without a significant loss up to four cycles, whereas LTO/TiO2 had reduced adsorption after the second cycle by 30%. The ZnO increased the surface defects and restrained the photo-induced electrons (e−) from recombining with the photo-induced holes (h+). Scavenging tests indicated that the hydroxyl radicals played a major role in the photodegradation of MB, which is followed by electrons and holes.

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