PLoS Pathogens (Feb 2023)

Biogenesis of extracellular vesicles in protozoan parasites: The ESCRT complex in the trafficking fast lane?

  • Abel Cruz Camacho,
  • Daniel Alfandari,
  • Ewa Kozela,
  • Neta Regev-Rudzki

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1011140
Journal volume & issue
Vol. 19, no. 2
p. e1011140

Abstract

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) provide a central mechanism of cell-cell communication. While EVs are found in most organisms, their pathogenesis-promoting roles in parasites are of particular interest given the potential for medical insight and consequential therapeutic intervention. Yet, a key feature of EVs in human parasitic protozoa remains elusive: their mechanisms of biogenesis. Here, we survey the current knowledge on the biogenesis pathways of EVs secreted by the four main clades of human parasitic protozoa: apicomplexans, trypanosomatids, flagellates, and amoebae. In particular, we shine a light on findings pertaining to the Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport (ESCRT) machinery, as in mammals it plays important roles in EV biogenesis. This review highlights the diversity in EV biogenesis in protozoa, as well as the related involvement of the ESCRT system in these unique organisms.