Electrophysiological testing aids the diagnosis of tremor and myoclonus in clinically challenging patients

Abstract

Objective: We investigated how clinical neurophysiological testing can help distinguish tremor and myoclonus and their subtypes. Methods: We retrospectively analysed clinical and neurophysiological data from patients who had undergone polymyography (EMG + accelerometry) to diagnose suspected tremor or myoclonus. We show a systematic approach, which includes contraction pattern, rhythm regularity, burst duration and evidence of cortical drive. Results: We detected 773 patients in our database, of which 556 patients were ultimately diagnosed with tremor (enhanced physiological tremor n = 169, functional tremor n = 140, essential tremor n = 90, parkinsonism associated tremor n = 64, cerebellar tremor n = 19, Holmes tremor n = 12, dystonic tremor n = 8, tremor not further specified n = 9), 140 with myoclonus and 23 with a combination of tremor and myoclonus. Polymyography confirmed the presumptive diagnosis in the majority of the patients and led to a change of diagnosis in 287 patients (37%). Conversions between diagnoses of tremor and myoclonus occurred most frequently between enhanced physiological tremor, essential tremor, functional tremor and cortical myoclonus. Conclusions: Neurophysiology is a valuable additional tool in clinical practice to differentiate between tremor and myoclonus, and can guide towards a specific subtype. Significance: We show how the stepwise neurophysiological approach used at our medical center aids the diagnosis of tremor versus myoclonus.

Keywords

• Tremor
• Myoclonus
• Electrophysiology
• EMG
• EEG