Circular Rep-Encoding Single-Stranded DNA Sequences in Milk from Water Buffaloes (<i>Bubalus arnee f. bubalis</i>)

Abstract

Isolation and characterization of circular replicase-encoding single-stranded (ss) DNA from animal, plant and environmental samples are rapidly evolving in virology. We detected 21 circular DNA elements, including one genomoviral sequence, in individual milk samples from domesticated Asian water buffaloes (Bubalus arnee f. bubalis). Most of the obtained genomes are related to Sphinx 1.76 and Sphinx 2.36 sequences and share a high degree of similarity to recently published circular DNAs—named BMMF (bovine meat and milk factors)—that have been isolated from commercial milk, as well as from bovine serum. Characteristic features such as rep genes, tandem repeats and inverted repeats were detected. These BMMF have recently been found to be present in taurine-type dairy cattle breeds descending from the aurochs (Bos primigenius). Importantly, the occurrence of BMMF has been linked to the higher incidence of colorectal and breast cancer in North America and Western Europe compared with Asia. This is the first report of circular ssDNA detected in milk from the domesticated form of the wild Asian water buffalo (B. arnee) belonging to the subfamily Bovinae. This novelty should be taken into account in view of the above-mentioned cancer hypothesis.

Keywords

• BMMF
• circular ssDNA
• colon/breast cancer
• replication-associated protein (Rep)
• rolling circle amplification
• rolling circle replication