Интеллект. Инновации. Инвестиции (Jun 2019)
Ontological levels of human integrity in the philosophy of Karl Marx
Abstract
In the conditions of the modern anthropological crisis, characterized by the disappearance of the human in society, fragmentation, atomization, depersonalization and loss of the integrity of human existence, attempts to philosophically comprehend the ontological foundations of this integrity become relevant. The proposed article deals with the problems of human integrity (totality) in Marx’s philosophy. Based on the multilateral analysis of Marx’s doctrine of species essence of human beings (Gattungswesen des Menschen), which is understood by Marx as universality, the ensemble of social relations, suffering as a man’s empathic attitude towards the world, sociality and historicity, the author shows that the most fundamental definition of this essence is human activity, praxis. Praxis, according to Marx, is a unity (integrity, totality) material (physical) and mental (conscious, cognitive, emotional) transformative human activity. Further, the author shows how this fundamental integrity of praxis reveals itself at all levels of human existence. Thus, at the individual level, integrity consists in psychophysical unity (unity of soul and body); at the social level, integrity is given in the dialectical unity of man and society; at the level of existence – as the unity of the emotional, caring relationships of man to the world. The following shows that from the point of view of Karl Marx, the integrity of a person is not given initially, but is the result of all previous historical development, which goes through three stages: primary syncretism (when I do not yet exist), secondary disruption (alienation) of a person in a class society and the future stage of a comprehensively developed holistic harmonious personality. Finally, it is shown that the presence of the moment of goal (goal-setting) in the structure of total praxis forms a person as a dynamically whole being. This «dynamic» wholeness, like «static» integrity, is represented at all ontological levels of human existence: from the simplest goal-setting to spiritual and existential forms, the highest of which is the meaning of life, through which man and the world are integrally connected by the moment of the goal.
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